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PTS 1.1緬 1.1已對照篇首

序論

[他]心因悲而清涼,以慧燈破除了痴暗;

[他是]含人與天之世間的尊重者——我禮敬已解脫諸趣的善逝(sugata)。

佛陀也是既修習了[那法]、又現證了[它],

才趣得[佛的境界]的——我禮敬那離垢的、無上的法。

善逝的諸胸生之子,[他們]是破魔軍者——

那八[輩]之聚,我以頭禮敬[之],[即]聖僧團。

如是,由我這心意淨信者[所作]的、由禮敬三寶所成的那份福——

願以它的威力,[令我]成為障礙善除者,

[而]以中等篇幅之經所標記的、於此[教法]中殊勝的《中部》(majjhimāgama)——

[即]為佛與隨佛覺者所贊述的、能破斥他論的[那部阿含]——

為顯明[其]義,最初由諸得自在者(vasī)之百——

[即]五百[位]——所結集、後來也[於第二、第三次結集中]被隨結集的那部義注,

由得自在者馬哈瑪欣德(Mahāmahinda)帶到了師子洲(Sīhaḷadīpa),

為諸洲住民的利益,以師子洲語(sīhaḷabhāsā)安立了下來。

我從那[義注]中除去師子洲語,[而將它]升入悅意之語(manoramā bhāsā)——

[升入那]契合聖典(tanti)之法則、離於過失的[語];

[並]不違背諸長老的宗義(samaya)——[他們]是長老世系的明燈、

抉擇極為精微、住於大寺(Mahāvihāra)者;

捨去一再重來之義,我將顯明[其]義,

為令善人歡喜,併為令法久住。

戒論、頭陀法(dhutadhamma),以及一切業處,

連同性行(cariyā)之分判,[以及]禪與等至的廣說;

以及一切神通(abhiññā),還有慧的合計與抉擇;

蘊、界、處、根,以及那四聖[諦]——

[即諸]諦,[與]緣之行相(paccayākāra)的教說,[其]理趣極清淨而精微;

不離聖典之道,以及毗婆舍那(vipassanā)的修習——

然而這一切,由於已由我在《清淨道論》(Visuddhimagga)中極為清淨地

說過了,所以在此[義注中]不再多加論究它。

「此《清淨道論》,正處於四阿含之中央,

[它]將住[於其中]而顯明那裡如所說之義。」

[《清淨道論》]正是這樣造成的,所以你們應把它也取來,連同這部

義注[《妄衍破斥》(Papañcasūdanī)]一起,了知中部結集之義。

Ganthārambhakathā
Karuṇāsītalahadayaṃ, paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ;
Sanarāmaralokagaruṃ, vande sugataṃ gativimuttaṃ.
Buddhopi buddhabhāvaṃ, bhāvetvā ceva sacchikatvā ca;
Yaṃ upagato gatamalaṃ, vande tamanuttaraṃ dhammaṃ.
Sugatassa orasānaṃ, puttānaṃ mārasenamathanānaṃ;
Aṭṭhannampi samūhaṃ, sirasā vande ariyasaṅghaṃ.
Iti me pasannamatino, ratanattayavandanāmayaṃ puññaṃ;
Yaṃ suvihatantarāyo, hutvā tassānubhāvena.
Majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassa idha majjhimāgamavarassa;
Buddhānubuddhasaṃvaṇṇitassa paravādamathanassa.
Atthappakāsanatthaṃ, aṭṭhakathā ādito vasisatehi;
Pañcahi yā saṅgītā, anusaṅgītā ca pacchāpi.
Sīhaḷadīpaṃ pana ābhatātha vasinā mahāmahindena;
Ṭhapitā sīhaḷabhāsāya, dīpavāsīnamatthāya.
Apanetvāna tatohaṃ, sīhaḷabhāsaṃ manoramaṃ bhāsaṃ;
Tantinayānucchavikaṃ, āropento vigatadosaṃ.
Samayaṃ avilomento, therānaṃ theravaṃsadīpānaṃ;
Sunipuṇavinicchayānaṃ, mahāvihāre nivāsīnaṃ.
Hitvā punappunāgatamatthaṃ, atthaṃ pakāsayissāmi;
Sujanassa ca tuṭṭhatthaṃ, ciraṭṭhitatthañca dhammassa.
Sīlakathā dhutadhammā, kammaṭṭhānāni ceva sabbāni;
Cariyāvidhānasahito, jhānasamāpattivitthāro.
Sabbā ca abhiññāyo, paññāsaṅkalananicchayo ceva;
Khandhādhātāyatanindriyāni ariyāni ceva cattāri.
Saccāni paccayākāradesanā suparisuddhanipuṇanayā;
Avimuttatantimaggā, vipassanābhāvanā ceva.
Iti pana sabbaṃ yasmā, visuddhimagge mayā suparisuddhaṃ;
Vuttaṃ tasmā bhiyyo, na taṃ idha vicārayissāmi.
‘‘Majjhe visuddhimaggo, esa catunnampi āgamānañhi;
Ṭhatvā pakāsayissati, tattha yathābhāsitamatthaṃ’’.
Icceva kato tasmā, tampi gahetvāna saddhimetāya;
Aṭṭhakathāya vijānatha, majjhimasaṅgītiyā atthanti.
1緬 1.3已對照

因緣論

一、此中,所謂「中部結集(majjhimasaṅgīti)」者:就五十[經篇]而言,[它]是《根本五十經》(Mūlapaṇṇāsā)、《中分五十經》(Majjhimapaṇṇāsā)、《後分五十經》(Uparipaṇṇāsā)三個五十[經篇]的合集。就品而言,是於每一個五十[經篇]各作五品、[成]十五品的會合。就經而言,[有]一百五十[部]經,又二部經[,共一百五十二部]。就句而言,[有]超出五百二十三[句]的八萬句[,即八萬零五百二十三句]。因此古師們說——

「八萬句,又五百;

更說二十三——句便如是安立。」

就字母而言,[有]七十萬字母、四萬[字母]與五十三字母[,共七十四萬零五十三]。就誦分(bhāṇavāra)而言,[有]八十誦分,與超出二十三句的半誦分。就連貫(anusandhi)而言,就略[說]而有問連貫、意樂連貫、隨順連貫三種連貫;而此中就廣[說]而言,[則]有三千九百個連貫。因此古師們說——

「三千連結(sandhi),又九百;

這些連貫之法,[已]為《中部》所宣示。」

此中,於諸五十[經篇]中,《根本五十經》為首;於諸品中,《根本法門品》[為首];於諸經中,《根本法門經》[為首]。而那[經]也是以尊者阿難在第一次大結集時所說的「如是我聞」等[語]為首的因緣(nidāna)。而這第一次大結集,已在《吉祥悅意》(Sumaṅgalavilāsinī)即《長部義注》的開頭詳說了。所以它應當依那裡所詳說的方式來了知。

Nidānakathā
1. Tattha majjhimasaṅgīti nāma paṇṇāsato mūlapaṇṇāsā majjhimapaṇṇāsā uparipaṇṇāsāti paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahā. Vaggato ekekāya paṇṇāsāya pañca pañca vagge katvā pannarasavaggasamāyogā. Suttato diyaḍḍhasuttasataṃ dve ca suttantā. Padato tevīsuttarapañcasatādhikāni asītipadasahassāni. Tenāhu porāṇā –
‘‘Asītipadasahassāni, bhiyyo pañcasatāni ca;
Puna tevīsati vuttā, padamevaṃ vavatthita’’nti.
Akkharato satta akkharasatasahassāni cattālīsañca sahassāni tepaññāsañca akkharāni. Bhāṇavārato asīti bhāṇavārā tevīsapadādhiko ca upaḍḍhabhāṇavāro. Anusandhito pucchānusandhi-ajjhāsayānusandhi-yathānusandhivasena saṅkhepato tividho anusandhi. Vitthārato panettha tīṇi anusandhisahassāni nava ca satāni honti. Tenāhu porāṇā –
‘‘Tīṇi sandhisahassāni, tathā navasatāni ca;
Anusandhinayā ete, majjhimassa pakāsitā’’ti.
Tattha paṇṇāsāsu mūlapaṇṇāsā ādi, vaggesu mūlapariyāyavaggo, suttesu mūlapariyāyasuttaṃ. Tassāpi ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’ntiādikaṃ āyasmatā ānandena paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle vuttaṃ nidānamādi. Sā panesā paṭhamamahāsaṅgīti sumaṅgalavilāsiniyā dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāya ādimhi vitthāritā. Tasmā sā tattha vitthāritanayeneva veditabbā.
1. Mūlapariyāyavaggo
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序論的解釋

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三、譬喻品

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五、小雙品

1緬 1.1已對照

序論釋義

一、於釋義之初[所作]的三寶禮敬,是為了告知所應釋義之法的出處所依之清淨;而那[告知],是為了令諸有識者於法之諸釋義生起敬重;而那[敬重],是為了以彼等依受持、憶持等次第所應獲得的正行道,正正當當地成辦一切利益與安樂。 或者,由於是吉祥,由於是於一切作業中的先行之事,由於是諸智者所共行的,又由於將來使他人隨所見而行——[故]於釋義中[有]三寶敬禮之作業。 或者,作三寶敬禮是為了生起「供養應供養者」這一殊勝之福。而那[福]是為了給自己那以如所得的成就為因相的業添加力量,並且是為了使它中途不退縮;那兩者[則]是為了義注無有障礙地完成。 而正是這一目的為阿闍梨於此處所意指。正因如此,[他]將說「如是,由我這心意淨信者[所作]的……乃至……以它的威力」。 由對三事的供養,以無上福田之善成就,[所成]是威力不可計量的殊勝之福;故縱在障礙多種的世間聚居中,[它]也能摧毀那繫縛障礙的一切雜染,並遮止怖畏等災禍。如所說——

「對應供養者作供養,無論[是]對佛陀或[對]諸弟子」等(《法句》195;《譬喻》1.10.1);同樣——

「諸比丘,凡對佛有淨信者,即是對最上者有淨信;而對最上者有淨信者,[其]異熟是最上的」等(《如是語》90、91);

「凡稱說『佛陀』者, 身中所生的那喜——

那喜確實更為殊勝, 勝過整個閻浮提(Jambudīpa)。

凡稱說『法』者……乃至…… 勝過整個閻浮提;

凡稱說『僧』者……乃至…… 勝過整個閻浮提。」(《如是語義注》90)

同樣——

「摩訶男(Mahānāma),當聖弟子隨念如來之時,他於那時心不為貪所纏縛,不為瞋……乃至……心不為痴所纏縛」等(《增支部》6.10;11.11);

「[無論]在林中、樹下……乃至……

或是怖畏,或是驚愕,

或是毛豎——[這些]都將不生。」(《相應部》2.249)

此中,為顯示他所欲禮敬的那三事具有殊勝功德,[阿闍梨]以「[他]心因悲而清涼」等語說了三首偈。因為由具殊勝功德而有應受禮敬之性,而對應受禮敬者所作的禮敬能成辦如所意指的目的。 此中,他所欲釋義的那一教說,既不像律的教說那樣以悲為主,也不像阿毗達摩的教說那樣以慧為主,而是以悲與慧為主;因此,為先作那以此二者為主的、對正等正覺者的讚歎——[因為]其餘諸寶以他為根本——[故]說了「[他]心因悲而清涼」等語。 此中,「散除(kirati)」故為「悲(karuṇā)」,義即驅散、除去他人之苦。或者,「傷害(kiṇāti)」故為「悲」,義即他人有苦時,[它]損傷、惱害有悲者。或者,他人有苦時,[它]使諸善人震動、令心憂戚,故為「悲」。或者,「kam」即樂,[它]遮止那[樂],故為「悲」——因為它以欲除他人之苦為相,由不顧自樂而遮止、障礙有悲者的樂,此是其義。 因悲而清涼,[故為]「因悲而清涼」;他的心因悲而清涼,故為「心因悲而清涼者」;[禮敬]那位「心因悲而清涼」者。

此中,雖然慈與喜也因其以為他人帶來利益、不欲其樂等衰減為自性,又因是瞋恨與不樂的正對治,[從而]以斷除他眾生相續中之熱惱的行相而轉起,故也可得「令心清涼之因」[這一性質];然而唯有悲——它以除他人之苦的行相而轉起,以不堪他人之受苦為味,[即]是不害——才特別地如心輕安一般,是世尊之心清涼之性的因相;[故]說了「[他]心因悲而清涼」。 或者應知:以悲為門,慈與喜的「令心清涼之因」性也[一併]被說到了。 或者,那作為不共殊勝智之所繫的、且如一切知智(sabbaññutaññāṇa)一般以遍佈自境而極為殊勝、又無有餘剩地趣得大悲之性的悲,才是世尊心清涼之性的殊勝之因;[故阿闍梨]說「[他]心因悲而清涼」。 或者,縱然慈與喜也系屬於殊勝的心清涼之性,然而由於[悲]是一切佛德殊勝之因,也是那[慈喜二者]之因,故唯悲被說為世尊的「令心清涼之因」。因為一切佛德皆以悲為因緣。 因為世尊由悲的威力而令輪迴之苦的熱惱息滅;他由欲除他人之苦,縱經多阿僧祇(asaṅkhyeyya)劫也毫無疲厭之相,樂於無餘地積集諸佛所作之法,並已證得法增上性;故縱然那些由眾生與諸行所帶來的、能令心熱惱的因相就在近前,他心清涼之性也不曾有絲毫的變異。 而於這一義之分別中,應知世尊在三種階位中的悲都已被攝取。

「了知(pajānāti)」故為「慧(paññā)」,義即依諸行相如實通達。慧本身由斷除所知障、以依諸行相照明諸法自性之義[而]為「燈(pajjota)」,[故為]「慧燈(paññāpajjota)」。由連同習氣(vāsanā)而斷,[故]特別地被擊破、被根除,[即]「被破除」;由慧燈而被破除,[故為]「為慧燈所破除」。 由它而[人]痴迷,或者它自己痴迷,或者它唯是痴迷[之狀],故為「痴(moha)」,[即]無明;又正是它,由於覆蔽境之自性、與黑暗相似,故如暗一般,[故]為「暗(tamo)」;他的痴暗為慧燈所破除,故為「痴暗為慧燈所破除者」;[禮敬]那位「以慧燈破除了痴暗」者。 因為雖然一切漏盡者的無明之暗都已為慧燈所破除,然而正如見至者(diṭṭhippatta)之於信解脫者(saddhāvimutta),正等正覺者之斷煩惱由於是連同習氣而斷,比諸弟子與諸獨覺佛[之斷]有殊勝之處;故[阿闍梨]為以殊勝的斷無明讚歎世尊而說「以慧燈破除了痴暗」。

或者,由於不藉他人之教導而於自己的相續中令無明之暗畢竟離去,又由於已證得一切知性與於諸力的自在之性,並且由於以殊勝說法之威力而於他人的相續中正正當當地令那[離暗]轉起,[故]唯世尊應特別以痴暗之離去而受讚歎——[故阿闍梨]說「以慧燈破除了痴暗」。 而於這一義之分別中,應知以「慧燈」一句,世尊的通達慧與說法慧一樣,都依總說、或依「餘一(ekasesa)」之法而被攝取。

或者,由於世尊之智以所知為邊際,[故]以那能覺了一切所知法自性的、稱為無障礙智(anāvaraṇañāṇa)的慧燈,覆蔽一切所知法自性的痴暗已被摧破;[阿闍梨]以「世尊的痴暗之壞滅是不共他者的」[這一意思]而說了「以慧燈破除了痴暗」。 而此中應知:由於無障礙智是在痴暗被摧破之後所證得的,[故]依因之假說,[它]於自相續中[被說為]「痴暗的摧破」。 因為由發願(abhinīhāra)的成就,諸煩惱的「連同習氣而斷」本身即是所知障的斷除;而於他人的相續中,由於[它]是痴暗摧破之因,[故]無障礙智[也]被說為「痴暗的摧破」。

[設難:]那麼是什麼緣故,唯取無明的根除這一項作為依斷之成就而讚歎世尊的因相,而不[取]那殊勝的、無有餘剩的斷煩惱呢?——[通釋:]因為以說那[無明]之斷,由於[諸煩惱]與它同一依處,一切雜染之聚的根除便已被照明瞭。因為並沒有那樣一種煩惱,是不因無餘地斷無明而被斷的。

或者,正如明是一切善法生起[的主因],無明也是一切不善法生起與輪迴轉起的主因;故以說它的破除,一切雜染之聚的根除便已被說到了——[故]說「以慧燈破除了痴暗」。

諸人與諸不死者[合稱]「人與天(narāmara)」;「與人天俱」故為「含人天(sanarāmara)」;「含人天」而又是世間,故為「含人與天之世間」;是那[世間]的尊重者,故為「含人與天之世間的尊重者」;[禮敬]那位「含人與天之世間的尊重者」。 以此顯示:正如對諸天與諸人,世尊對其餘眾生也隨其所應帶來殊勝功德,[故]有施恩之性。 而此處不應詰責主與非主之性。因為聲的次第是一回事,義的次第是另一回事。因為在這樣的複合詞中,主者也如非主者那樣被舉示,如「含王之眾(sarājikāya parisāya)」(《律藏·小品》336)。 此處世間固然依眾生、諸行、空間而有三種;然而由於所意指的是尊重之性,[而]唯能作尊重者才相應,[故]應依眾生世間取義——因為諸福與諸惡及其異熟於其中被見,[故]它被稱為「世間」。而此處以取「不死者」,所意指的是生天(upapattideva)[諸天]。

或者,「世間」一語是聚義,[因為]依總集而被見、被了知。「與諸人俱」故為「含人(sanara)」;「含人」而又是諸不死者,故為「含人之諸天」;是他們的世間,故為「含人與天之世間」——應依前法而作配合。 而此處以「不死者」一語,清淨天(visuddhideva)也被攝取——因為他們由無有死,依勝義(paramattha)為「不死者」。而唯取人與天,是依最勝之舉示,如「天人師(satthā devamanussānaṃ)」(《長部》1.157)。 正因如此:世尊以那先行遣除一切無利益的、專致於無餘地施設利益與安樂的、無上的加行成就,又由於對含天與人的眾生有畢竟的施恩之性,並具有威力與功德不可限量、無可比擬的殊勝,[故他]是一切眾生中的最上者,是無量世界中無量眾生的最上恭敬之處。因此說「含人與天之世間的尊重者」。

他的行、[即]行走是善美的,故為「善逝(sugata)」。因為世尊趣近所應調教之人,由必定成辦彼等的利益與安樂,[故]是善美的;同樣,由於色身為[三十二]相與[八十]隨好所莊嚴,[其]身之行離於急速、遲緩、躓跌、拖曳、按壓、蹲踞、迂曲、雜亂等過失,不可譏笑,如王鵝、如牛王、如大象、如獸王[之行];而[其]智之行則具有廣大無垢的悲、念、精進等殊勝功德,從發願直至大菩提皆無可責難——[故]正是善美的。 或者,以自生智(sayambhūñāṇa)依遍知現觀而遍知整個世間,[如是]以智正行、[即]正覺了,故為「善逝」;同樣,依斷現觀而斷世間之集、令[它]成為不再生起之法,[如是]正行、[即]已越過,故為「善逝」;依作證現觀[而行於]世間之滅、[即]涅槃,[如是]正行、[即]已證得,故為「善逝」;依修習現觀[而行於]趣向世間之滅的行道,[如是]正行、[即]已行道,故為「善逝」。 此義應依「凡以須陀洹道所斷的諸煩惱,他不再回到、不再返回、不再復來於那些煩惱,故為『善逝』」等(《大義釋》38;《小義釋》27)之法而闡明。 或者,已行、[即]已證得善美之處、[即]正等正覺,或[即]涅槃,故為「善逝」。 或者,由於[他]所說的法是真實的、如實的、有義利的,並且對所應調教者隨其所應而合於時的,所以「正說(sammā gadati)」、[即]正言,故為「善逝」——是把 da 音作成 ta 音[而成]。 如是,由善美之行等[義]而為「善逝」;[禮敬]那位「善逝」。

由諸福業與惡業依受生而應趣往,[故為]「諸趣(gatiyo)」,[即]生有的差別;而它們依地獄等而有五種。由於以證得聖道使一切趣有之業成為不應有異熟,[從而]已從那些[趣]退轉,[故]世尊善解脫於五趣、已離系;[故阿闍梨]說「已解脫諸趣的」。 以此顯示世尊不攝屬於任何一趣,由此世尊被稱為「天中天(devātideva)」。正因如此說——

「由於它[我]將生為天, 或[生為]空行的乾闥婆;

由於它[我]將趣往夜叉之性, 或來至人之性——

我的那些漏已盡, 已摧毀、已除根。」(《增支部》4.36)

因為那些能轉成彼彼趣的業與煩惱,正在菩提樹下已以最上道善斷,[故]世尊無有攝屬於趣之性;[即]世尊畢竟解脫於一切有、生、趣、識住、眾生居、眾生類;[禮敬]那位「已解脫諸趣的」。 「[我]禮敬(vande)」者:義即我敬禮,或我讚歎。

或者,「已解脫諸趣的」是以無餘依涅槃界之證得讚歎世尊。因為此中應知世尊的讚歎有二種行相:依自利之成就與依利他之行道。其中,自利之成就應依證得無障礙智、畢竟斷除一切連同習氣的煩惱、及證得無餘依涅槃而知;利他之行道[則應依]:以不顧利養、恭敬等之心而說出離一切苦之法,縱對相違者也常有利益之意樂,又[待所化者]智成熟之時而來[教化]。 而此中,利他之行道依意樂與加行有二種,自利之成就有三種,[如是]被顯示出來。如何[顯示]呢?——以「[他]心因悲而清涼」[顯示]依意樂的利他之行道;以「正說」義的「善逝」一語[顯示]依加行的利他之行道;以「以慧燈破除了痴暗」「已解脫諸趣的」這[二句]與「通達四諦」義的「善逝」一語[顯示]三種自利之成就;又以[「善逝」的]其餘諸義及「以慧燈破除了痴暗」這[一句],則一切自利之成就與利他之行道都被顯示了。

或者,應知世尊的讚歎有三種行相——依因、依果、依施恩。此中,因是大悲,它以第一句顯示。果有四種:智成就、斷成就、威力成就、色身成就。其中,智成就與斷成就以第二句及「通達[四]諦」義的「善逝」一語顯示;威力成就[則]以第三句;色身成就以如上所說「身之行善美」義的「善逝」一語[顯示]——因為若無[三十二]相與[八十]隨好的圓滿,便無那[身行之善美]。 施恩,[即]不作隔別、不作外人,以三乘之門[而作]的解脫法之教說;應知它以「正說」義的「善逝」一語顯示。

此中,以「[他]心因悲而清涼」顯示正等正覺之根本。因為世尊意為大悲所激發,為把眾生從輪迴的泥沼中救出而作了發願,次第圓滿諸波羅蜜(pāramī),[而後]證得無上正等正覺;故悲是正等正覺之根本。 以「以慧燈破除了痴暗」顯示正等正覺。因為以無障礙智為足處的道智,與以道智為足處的無障礙智,[二者]被稱為「正等正覺」。 以「正行」義的「善逝」一語顯示正等正覺之行道——因為「善逝」一語顯示的是那離於退縮與掉舉、住立與勤勇、欲樂耽溺與自苦行、常見與斷見之執取等二邊的、為悲與慧所攝持的中道。 以其餘[諸句]顯示正等正覺的主與非主之別的目的。因為此中把眾生從輪迴的大暴流中度脫是主要目的,其餘的是非主要的。其中以主要[目的]顯示利他之行道,以另一[目的顯示]自利之成就;以那二者顯示:於「為自利而行道者」等四種人中,世尊是第四種人。又以此顯示[世尊]是無上應施者之性、最上應禮敬者之性,以及他對自己的禮敬之業而言是田之所歸。

而此中,以取「悲」,由於闡明諸世間[法]中已達大界之性的不共功德,[故]世尊的一切世間功德之成就被顯示;以取「慧」,由於闡明以一切知智為足處的道智,[故顯示]一切出世間功德之成就——因為由取那二者所成之義,以「含人與天之世間的尊重者」等語而得開演。 又以取「悲」顯示無有隨雜染的趣近,以取「慧」[顯示]遠離。 同樣,以取「悲」顯示世尊隨順世間通稱的轉起——因為悲以世間言說為境;以取「慧」[顯示]不超越通稱——因為由不覺了諸法的自性,才有超越通稱而執取眾生等[之事]。 同樣,以取「悲」顯示大悲定之住,以取「慧」[顯示]於三時無有障礙之智、四諦智、四無礙解智、四無畏智。

由於以取「悲」已取了大悲定智,[故以取「慧」]依其餘諸不共智、六神通、於八眾中的不動智、十力、十四佛智、十六智行、十八佛法、四十四智事、七十七智事等等眾多慧之差別,顯示智之行。 同樣,以取「悲」[顯示]行成就,以取「慧」[顯示]明成就。以取「悲」[顯示]我增上性,以取「慧」[顯示]法增上性。以取「悲」[顯示]世間依怙之性,以取「慧」[顯示]自依怙之性。同樣,以取「悲」[顯示]先施恩之性,以取「慧」[顯示]知恩。同樣,以取「悲」[顯示]不苦他之性,以取「慧」[顯示]不自苦之性。或者以取「悲」[顯示]諸佛所作之法的成就,以取「慧」[顯示]佛的境界之成就。同樣,以取「悲」[顯示]度脫他人,以取「慧」[顯示]自度。同樣,以取「悲」[顯示]於一切眾生有攝益之心,以取「慧」[顯示]於一切法有離貪之心。

而於一切佛德,悲是初——由於[它們]以它為因緣;慧是終——由於在它之上無有應作。如是,由顯示初與終,一切佛德便都被顯示了。 同樣,以取「悲」,[則]以戒蘊為先行的定蘊被顯示。因為戒以悲為因緣——由從它而有離殺生等之轉起;而它[悲]又與三禪相應。以「慧」一語[顯示]慧蘊。 又戒是一切佛德之初,定在中,慧是終;如是,由顯示初、中、後之善美,一切佛德也都被顯示了——因為[它們]是依法門而被顯示的。因為唯此——即取法門——才是無餘顯示佛德的方便;否則,有誰能夠逐句無餘地顯示世尊的諸功德呢?正因如此說——

「縱然佛陀說佛陀的稱讚;

縱然不說其他而[說]一劫,

劫或在長久之間滅盡;

如來的稱讚[卻]不會滅盡。」(《長部義注》1.305;3.141;《中部義注》2.425;《自說義注》53;《譬喻義注》2.7.20;《佛種姓義注》4.4;《所行藏義注》3.122〈雜論〉)

正因如此,具壽舍利弗(Sāriputta)長老被就佛德之限定而追問時,也先以「尊者,這不然」而否定,[然後]說「然而,尊者,我了知法的類推(dhammanvaya)」(《長部》2.146)。

Ganthārambhakathāvaṇṇanā
1. Saṃvaṇṇanārambhe ratanattayavandanā saṃvaṇṇetabbassa dhammassa pabhavanissayavisuddhipaṭivedanatthaṃ, taṃ pana dhammasaṃvaṇṇanāsu viññūnaṃ bahumānuppādanatthaṃ, taṃ sammadeva tesaṃ uggahadhāraṇādikkamaladdhabbāya sammāpaṭipattiyā sabbahitasukhanipphādanatthaṃ. Atha vā maṅgalabhāvato, sabbakiriyāsu pubbakiccabhāvato, paṇḍitehi samācaritabhāvato, āyatiṃ paresaṃ diṭṭhānugatiāpajjanato ca saṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ ratanattayapaṇāmakiriyā. Atha vā ratanattayapaṇāmakaraṇaṃ pūjanīyapūjāpuññavisesanibbattanatthaṃ. Taṃ attano yathāladdhasampattinimittakassa kammassa balānuppadānatthaṃ. Antarā ca tassa asaṅkocanatthaṃ. Tadubhayaṃ anantarāyena aṭṭhakathāya parisamāpanatthaṃ. Idameva ca payojanaṃ ācariyena idhādhippetaṃ. Tathā hi vakkhati ‘‘iti me pasannamatino…pe… tassānubhāvenā’’ti. Vatthuttayapūjāhi niratisayapuññakkhettasaṃbuddhiyā aparimeyyapabhāvo puññātisayoti bahuvidhantarāyepi lokasannivāse antarāyanibandhanasakalasaṃkilesaviddhaṃsanāya pahoti. Bhayādiupaddavañca nivāreti. Yathāha –
‘‘Pūjārahe pūjayato. Buddhe yadi va sāvake’’tiādi (dha. pa. 195; apa. 1.10.1), tathā –
‘‘Ye, bhikkhave, buddhe pasannā, agge te pasannā, agge kho pana pasannānaṃ aggo vipāko hotī’’tiādi (itivu. 90, 91),
‘‘Buddhoti kittayantassa, kāye bhavati yā pīti;
Varameva hi sā pīti, kasiṇenapi jambudīpassa.
Dhammoti kittayantassa…pe… kasiṇenapi jambudīpassa;
Saṅghoti kittayantassa…pe… kasiṇenapi jambudīpassā’’ti. (itivu. aṭṭha. 90),
Tathā –
‘‘Yasmiṃ mahānāma samaye ariyasāvako tathāgataṃ anussarati, nevassa tasmiṃ samaye rāgapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hoti, na dosa…pe… na mohapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hotī’’tiādi (a. ni. 6.10; 11.11),
‘‘Araññe rukkhamūle vā…pe…
Bhayaṃ vā chambhitattaṃ vā,
Lomahaṃso na hessatī’’ti ca. (saṃ. ni. 2.249);
Tattha yassa vatthuttayassa vandanaṃ kattukāmo, tassa guṇātisayayogasandassanatthaṃ ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’ntiādinā gāthāttayamāha. Guṇātisayayogena hi vandanārahabhāvo, vandanārahe ca katā vandanā yathādhippetaṃ payojanaṃ sādhetīti. Tattha yassā desanāya saṃvaṇṇanaṃ kattukāmo. Sā na vinayadesanā viya karuṇāppadhānā, nāpi abhidhammadesanā viya paññāppadhānā, atha kho karuṇāpaññāppadhānāti tadubhayappadhānameva tāva sammāsambuddhassa thomanaṃ kātuṃ tammūlakattā sesaratanānaṃ ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha kiratīti karuṇā, paradukkhaṃ vikkhipati apanetīti attho. Atha vā kiṇātīti karuṇā, paradukkhe sati kāruṇikaṃ hiṃsati vibādhatīti attho. Paradukkhe sati sādhūnaṃ kampanaṃ hadayakhedaṃ karotīti vā karuṇā. Atha vā kamiti sukhaṃ, taṃ rundhatīti karuṇā. Esā hi paradukkhāpanayanakāmatālakkhaṇā attasukhanirapekkhatāya kāruṇikānaṃ sukhaṃ rundhati vibandhatīti attho. Karuṇāya sītalaṃ karuṇāsītalaṃ, karuṇāsītalaṃ hadayaṃ assāti karuṇāsītalahadayo, taṃ karuṇāsītalahadayaṃ.
Tattha kiñcāpi paresaṃ hitopasaṃhārasukhādiaparihānicchanasabhāvatāya, byāpādāratīnaṃ ujuvipaccanīkatāya ca parasattasantānagatasantāpavicchedanākārappavattiyā mettāmuditānampi cittasītalabhāvakāraṇatā upalabbhati, tathāpi paradukkhāpanayanākārappavattiyā parūpatāpāsahanarasā avihiṃsābhūtā karuṇāva visesena bhagavato cittassa cittapassaddhi viya sītibhāvanimittanti vuttaṃ ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti. Karuṇāmukhena vā mettāmuditānampi hadayasītalabhāvakāraṇatā vuttāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Atha vā asādhāraṇañāṇavisesanibandhanabhūtā sātisayaṃ niravasesañca sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ viya savisayabyāpitāya mahākaruṇābhāvaṃ upagatā karuṇāva bhagavato atisayena hadayasītalabhāvahetūti āha ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti. Atha vā satipi mettāmuditānaṃ sātisaye hadayasītibhāvanibandhanatte sakalabuddhaguṇavisesakāraṇatāya tāsampi kāraṇanti karuṇāva bhagavato ‘‘hadayasītalabhāvakāraṇa’’nti vuttā. Karuṇānidānā hi sabbepi buddhaguṇā. Karuṇānubhāvanibbāpiyamānasaṃsāradukkhasantāpassa hi bhagavato paradukkhāpanayanakāmatāya anekānipi asaṅkhyeyyāni kappānaṃ akilantarūpasseva niravasesabuddhakaradhammasambharaṇaniratassa samadhigatadhammādhipateyyassa ca sannihitesupi sattasaṅkhārasamupanītahadayūpatāpanimittesu na īsakampi cittasītibhāvassa aññathattamahosīti. Etasmiñca atthavikappe tīsupi avatthāsu bhagavato karuṇā saṅgahitāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Pajānātīti paññā, yathāsabhāvaṃ pakārehi paṭivijjhatīti attho. Paññāva ñeyyāvaraṇappahānato pakārehi dhammasabhāvajotanaṭṭhena pajjototi paññāpajjoto. Savāsanappahānato visesena hataṃ samugghātitaṃ vihataṃ, paññāpajjotena vihataṃ paññāpajjotavihataṃ. Muyhanti tena, sayaṃ vā muyhati, mohanamattameva vā tanti moho, avijjā, sveva visayasabhāvapaṭicchādanato andhakārasarikkhatāya tamo viyāti tamo, paññāpajjotavihato mohatamo etassāti paññāpajjotavihatamohatamo, taṃ paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ. Sabbesampi hi khīṇāsavānaṃ satipi paññāpajjotena avijjandhakārassa vihatabhāve saddhāvimuttehi viya diṭṭhippattānaṃ sāvakehi paccekasambuddhehi ca savāsanappahānena sammāsambuddhānaṃ kilesappahānassa viseso vijjatīti sātisayena avijjāpahānena bhagavantaṃ thomento āha ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti.
Atha vā antarena paropadesaṃ attano santāne accantaṃ avijjandhakāravigamassa nibbattitattā, tathā sabbaññutāya balesu ca vasībhāvassa samadhigatattā, parasantatiyañca dhammadesanātisayānubhāvena sammadeva tassa pavattitattā bhagavāva visesato mohatamavigamena thometabboti āha ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti. Imasmiñca atthavikappe ‘‘paññāpajjoto’’ti padena bhagavato paṭivedhapaññā viya desanāpaññāpi sāmaññaniddesena, ekasesanayena vā saṅgahitāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Atha vā bhagavato ñāṇassa ñeyyapariyantikattā sakalañeyyadhammasabhāvāvabodhanasamatthena anāvaraṇañāṇasaṅkhātena paññāpajjotena sabbañeyyadhammasabhāvacchādakassa mohandhakārassa vidhamitattā anaññasādhāraṇo bhagavato mohatamavināsoti katvā vuttaṃ ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti. Ettha ca mohatamavidhamanante adhigatattā anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ kāraṇūpacārena sasantāne mohatamavidhamananti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Abhinīhārasampattiyā savāsanappahānameva hi kilesānaṃ ñeyyāvaraṇappahānanti, parasantāne pana mohatamavidhamanassa kāraṇabhāvato anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ ‘‘mohatamavidhamana’’nti vuccatīti.
Kiṃ pana kāraṇaṃ avijjāsamugghātoyeveko pahānasampattivasena bhagavato thomanānimittaṃ gayhati, na pana sātisayaṃ niravasesakilesappahānanti? Tappahānavacaneneva tadekaṭṭhatāya sakalasaṃkilesagaṇasamugghātassa jotitabhāvato. Na hi so tādiso kileso atthi, yo niravasesaavijjāppahānena na pahīyatīti.
Atha vā vijjā viya sakalakusaladhammasamuppattiyā niravasesākusaladhammanibbattiyā saṃsārappavattiyā ca avijjā padhānakāraṇanti tabbighātavacanena sakalasaṃkilesagaṇasamugghāto vuttoyeva hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti.
Narā ca amarā ca narāmarā, saha narāmarehīti sanarāmaro, sanarāmaro ca so loko cāti sanarāmaraloko. Tassa garūti sanarāmaralokagaru, taṃ sanarāmaralokagaruṃ. Etena devamanussānaṃ viya tadavasiṭṭhasattānampi yathārahaṃ guṇavisesāvahatāya bhagavato upakāritaṃ dasseti. Na cettha padhānāppadhānabhāvo codetabbo. Añño hi saddakkamo, añño atthakkamo. Edisesu hi samāsapadesu padhānampi appadhānaṃ viya niddisīyati yathā ‘‘sarājikāya parisāyā’’ti (cūḷava. 336). Kāmañcettha sattasaṅkhārokāsavasena tividho loko, garubhāvassa pana adhippetattā garukaraṇasamatthasseva yujjanato sattalokassa vasena attho gahetabbo. So hi lokīyanti ettha puññapāpāni tabbipāko cāti ‘‘loko’’ti vuccati. Amaraggahaṇena cettha upapattidevā adhippetā.
Atha vā samūhattho lokasaddo samudāyavasena lokīyati paññāpīyatīti. Saha narehīti sanarā, sanarā ca te amarā cāti sanarāmarā, tesaṃ lokoti sanarāmaralokoti purimanayeneva yojetabbaṃ. Amarasaddena cettha visuddhidevāpi saṅgayhanti. Te hi maraṇābhāvato paramatthato amarā. Narāmarānaṃyeva ca gahaṇaṃ ukkaṭṭhaniddesavasena yathā ‘‘satthā devamanussāna’’nti (dī. ni. 1.157). Tathā hi sabbānatthaparihārapubbaṅgamāya niravasesahitasukhavidhānatapparāya niratisayāya payogasampattiyā sadevamanussāya pajāya accantūpakāritāya aparimitanirupamappabhāvaguṇavisesasamaṅgitāya ca sabbasattuttamo bhagavā aparimāṇāsu lokadhātūsu aparimāṇānaṃ sattānaṃ uttamagāravaṭṭhānaṃ. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘sanarāmaralokagaru’’nti.
Sobhanaṃ gataṃ gamanaṃ etassāti sugato. Bhagavato hi veneyyajanupasaṅkamanaṃ ekantena tesaṃ hitasukhanipphādanato sobhanaṃ, tathā lakkhaṇānubyañjanapaṭimaṇḍitarūpakāyatāya dutavilambita-khalitānukaḍḍhana-nippīḷanukkuṭika-kuṭilākulatādi-dosarahita-mavahasita-rājahaṃsa- vasabhavāraṇa-migarājagamanaṃ kāyagamanaṃ ñāṇagamanañca vipulanimmalakaruṇā-sativīriyādi-guṇavisesasahitamabhinīhārato yāva mahābodhiṃ anavajjatāya sobhanamevāti. Atha vā sayambhuñāṇena sakalamapi lokaṃ pariññābhisamayavasena parijānanto ñāṇena sammā gato avagatoti sugato. Tathā lokasamudayaṃ pahānābhisamayavasena pajahanto anuppattidhammataṃ āpādento sammā gato atītoti sugato, lokanirodhaṃ nibbānaṃ sacchikiriyābhisamayavasena sammā gato adhigatoti sugato, lokanirodhagāminiṃ paṭipadaṃ bhāvanābhisamayavasena sammā gato paṭipannoti sugato. ‘‘Sotāpattimaggena ye kilesā pahīnā, te kilese na puneti na pacceti na paccāgacchatīti sugato’’tiādinā (mahāni. 38; cūḷani. 27) nayena ayamattho vibhāvetabbo. Atha vā sundaraṃ ṭhānaṃ sammāsambodhiṃ, nibbānameva vā gato adhigatoti sugato. Yasmā vā bhūtaṃ tacchaṃ atthasaṃhitaṃ veneyyānaṃ yathārahaṃ kālayuttameva ca dhammaṃ bhāsati, tasmā sammā gadati vadatīti sugato da-kārassa ta-kāraṃ katvā. Iti sobhanagamanatādīhi sugato, taṃ sugataṃ.
Puññapāpakammehi upapajjanavasena gantabbato gatiyo, upapattibhavavisesā. Tā pana nirayādivasena pañcavidhā. Tāhi sakalassapi bhavagāmikammassa ariyamaggādhigamena avipākārahabhāvakaraṇena nivattitattā bhagavā pañcahipi gatīhi suṭṭhu mutto visaṃyuttoti āha ‘‘gativimutta’’nti. Etena bhagavato katthacipi gatiyā apariyāpannataṃ dasseti, yato bhagavā ‘‘devātidevo’’ti vuccati. Tenevāha –
‘‘Yena devūpapatyassa, gandhabbo vā vihaṅgamo;
Yakkhattaṃ yena gaccheyyaṃ, manussattañca abbaje;
Te mayhaṃ āsavā khīṇā, viddhastā vinaḷīkatā’’ti. (a. ni. 4.36);
Taṃtaṃgatisaṃvattanakānañhi kammakilesānaṃ aggamaggena bodhimūleyeva suppahīnattā natthi bhagavato gatipariyāpannatāti accantameva bhagavā sabbabhavayonigati-viññāṇaṭṭhiti-sattāvāsa-sattanikāyehi parimutto, taṃ gativimuttaṃ. Vandeti namāmi, thomemīti vā attho.
Atha vā gativimuttanti anupādisesanibbānadhātuppattiyā bhagavantaṃ thometi. Ettha hi dvīhi ākārehi bhagavato thomanā veditabbā attahitasampattito parahitapaṭipattito ca. Tesu attahitasampatti anāvaraṇañāṇādhigamato savāsanānaṃ sabbesaṃ kilesānaṃ accantappahānato anupādisesanibbānappattito ca veditabbā, parahitapaṭipatti lābhasakkārādinirapekkhacittassa sabbadukkhaniyyānikadhammadesanato viruddhesupi niccaṃ hitajjhāsayato ñāṇaparipākakālāgamanato ca. Sā panettha āsayato payogato ca duvidhā parahitapaṭipatti, tividhā ca attahitasampatti pakāsitā hoti. Kathaṃ? ‘‘Karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti etena āsayato parahitapaṭipatti, sammāgadanatthena sugatasaddena payogato parahitapaṭipatti, ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatamaṃ gativimutta’’nti etehi catusaccapaṭivedhatthena ca sugatasaddena tividhāpi attahitasampatti, avasiṭṭhaṭṭhena tena ‘‘paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti etena cāpi sabbāpi attahitasampattiparahitapaṭipatti pakāsitā hotīti.
Atha vā tīhi ākārehi bhagavato thomanā veditabbā – hetuto phalato upakārato ca. Tattha hetu mahākaruṇā, sā paṭhamapadena dassitā. Phalaṃ catubbidhaṃ ñāṇasampadā pahānasampadā ānubhāvasampadā rūpakāyasampadā cāti. Tāsu ñāṇapahānasampadā dutiyapadena saccapaṭivedhatthena ca sugatasaddena pakāsitā honti, ānubhāvasampadā pana tatiyapadena, rūpakāyasampadā yathāvuttakāyagamanasobhanatthena sugatasaddena lakkhaṇānubyañjanapāripūriyā vinā tadabhāvato. Upakāro anantaraṃ abāhiraṃ karitvā tividhayānamukhena vimuttidhammadesanā. So sammāgadanatthena sugatasaddena pakāsito hotīti veditabbaṃ.
Tattha ‘‘karuṇāsītalahadaya’’nti etena sammāsambodhiyā mūlaṃ dasseti. Mahākaruṇāsañcoditamānaso hi bhagavā saṃsārapaṅkato sattānaṃ samuddharaṇatthaṃ katābhinīhāro anupubbena pāramiyo pūretvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ adhigatoti karuṇā sammāsambodhiyā mūlaṃ. ‘‘Paññāpajjotavihatamohatama’’nti etena sammāsambodhiṃ dasseti. Anāvaraṇañāṇapadaṭṭhānañhi maggañāṇaṃ, maggañāṇapadaṭṭhānañca anāvaraṇañāṇaṃ ‘‘sammāsambodhī’’ti vuccatīti. Sammāgamanatthena sugatasaddena sammāsambodhiyā paṭipattiṃ dasseti līnuddhaccapatiṭṭhānāyūhanakāmasukhallikattakilamathānuyogasassatucchedābhinivesādi antadvayarahitāya karuṇāpaññāpariggahitāya majjhimāya paṭipattiyā pakāsanato sugatasaddassa. Itarehi sammāsambodhiyā padhānāppadhānabhedaṃ payojanaṃ dasseti. Saṃsāramahoghato sattasantāraṇañhettha padhānaṃ payojanaṃ, tadaññamappadhānaṃ. Tesu padhānena parahitapaṭipattiṃ dasseti, itarena attahitasampattiṃ, tadubhayena attahitāya paṭipannādīsu catūsu puggalesu bhagavato catutthapuggalabhāvaṃ dasseti. Tena ca anuttaradakkhiṇeyyabhāvaṃ uttamavandanīyabhāvaṃ attano ca vandanakiriyāya khettaṅgatabhāvaṃ dasseti.
Ettha ca karuṇāgahaṇena lokiyesu mahaggatabhāvappattāsādhāraṇaguṇadīpanato bhagavato sabbalokiyaguṇasampatti dassitā hoti, paññāgahaṇena sabbaññutaññāṇapadaṭṭhānamaggañāṇadīpanato sabbalokuttaraguṇasampatti. Tadubhayaggahaṇasiddho hi attho ‘‘sanarāmaralokagaru’’ntiādinā vipañcīyatīti. Karuṇāgahaṇena ca upagamanaṃ nirupakkilesaṃ dasseti, paññāgahaṇena apagamanaṃ. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena lokasamaññānurūpaṃ bhagavato pavattiṃ dasseti lokavohāravisayattā karuṇāya, paññāgahaṇena samaññāya anatidhāvanaṃ sabhāvānavabodhena hi dhammānaṃ samaññaṃ atidhāvitvā sattādiparāmasanaṃ hotīti. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena mahākaruṇāsamāpattivihāraṃ dasseti, paññāgahaṇena tīsu kālesu appaṭihatañāṇaṃ catusaccañāṇaṃ catupaṭisambhidāñāṇaṃ catuvesārajjañāṇaṃ.
Karuṇāgahaṇena mahākaruṇāsamāpattiñāṇassa gahitattā sesāsādhāraṇañāṇāni, cha abhiññā, aṭṭhasu parisāsu akampanañāṇāni, dasa balāni, cuddasa buddhañāṇāni, soḷasa ñāṇacariyā, aṭṭhārasa buddhadhammā, catucattālīsa ñāṇavatthūni, sattasattatiñāṇavatthūnīti evamādīnaṃ anekesaṃ paññāpabhedānaṃ vasena ñāṇacāraṃ dasseti. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena caraṇasampattiṃ, paññāgahaṇena vijjāsampattiṃ. Karuṇāgahaṇena attādhipatitā, paññāgahaṇena dhammādhipatitā. Karuṇāgahaṇena lokanāthabhāvo, paññāgahaṇena attanāthabhāvo. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena pubbakāribhāvo, paññāgahaṇena kataññutā. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena aparantapatā, paññāgahaṇena anattantapatā. Karuṇāgahaṇena vā buddhakaradhammasiddhi, paññāgahaṇena buddhabhāvasiddhi. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena paresaṃ tāraṇaṃ, paññāgahaṇena sayaṃ taraṇaṃ. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena sabbasattesu anuggahacittatā, paññāgahaṇena sabbadhammesu virattacittatā dassitā hoti.
Sabbesañca buddhaguṇānaṃ karuṇā ādi tannidānabhāvato, paññā pariyosānaṃ tato uttari karaṇīyābhāvato. Iti ādipariyosānadassanena sabbe buddhaguṇā dassitā honti. Tathā karuṇāgahaṇena sīlakkhandhapubbaṅgamo samādhikkhandho dassito hoti. Karuṇānidānañhi sīlaṃ tato pāṇātipātādiviratippavattito, sā ca jhānattayasampayoginīti. Paññāvacanena paññākkhandho. Sīlañca sabbabuddhaguṇānaṃ ādi, samādhi majjhe, paññā pariyosānanti evampi ādimajjhapariyosānakalyāṇadassanena sabbe buddhaguṇā dassitā honti nayato dassitattā. Eso eva hi niravasesato buddhaguṇānaṃ dassanupāyo, yadidaṃ nayaggāhaṇaṃ. Aññathā ko nāma samattho bhagavato guṇe anupadaṃ niravasesato dassetuṃ. Tenevāha –
‘‘Buddhopi buddhassa bhaṇeyya vaṇṇaṃ;
Kappampi ce aññamabhāsamāno.
Khīyetha kappo ciradīghamantare;
Vaṇṇo na khīyetha tathāgatassā’’ti. (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 1.305; 3.141; ma. ni. aṭṭha. 2.425; udā. aṭṭha. 53; apa. aṭṭha. 2.7.20; bu. vaṃ. aṭṭha. 4.4; cariyā. aṭṭha. 3.122 pakiṇṇakakathā);
Teneva ca āyasmatā sāriputtattherenapi buddhaguṇaparicchedanaṃ pati anuyuttena ‘‘no hetaṃ, bhante’’ti paṭikkhipitvā ‘‘apica me, bhante, dhammanvayo vidito’’ti (dī. ni. 2.146) vuttaṃ.
2緬 1.10已對照

二、如是以一切知者的全部功德略贊世尊之後,如今為讚歎正法而說了「佛陀也是」等語。 此中,「佛陀」是作者之舉示;「佛的境界」是業之舉示;「修習了」「現證了」是前時動作之舉示;「凡」是不限定的業之舉示;「趣得」是後時動作之舉示;「[我]禮敬」是動作之舉示;「那」是限定;「法」是禮敬之業的舉示;而「離垢的」「無上的」是它的限定語。

此中,「佛陀」一語之義應先依「覺了諸諦故為佛陀,令眾生覺悟故為佛陀」等《義釋》之法(《大義釋》192;《小義釋》97)而知。 或者,由於連同習氣的無智之睡眠畢竟離去,或由於覺慧已開敷,[故]「已覺(buddhavā)」故為「佛陀」——是依醒覺與開敷之義[而言]。 或者,由於沒有任何未被覺了的所知法,[故]不以業之性取某一特定的所知;由於沒有說業[語]的意欲,唯依覺了之義而得作者之舉示,[故]「已覺」故為「佛陀」——如「受灌頂者不施」[之例]。 而依義,「佛陀」[即]那為諸波羅蜜所燻修的、以自生智連同習氣破除摧毀了無餘煩惱的、作為大悲與一切知智等不可計量功德之聚的所依的蘊相續。如所說——

「『佛陀』者:那位世尊是自生者(sayambhū)、無阿闍梨者,於先前未曾聽聞的諸法中自己現觀了諸諦,並於其中證得一切知性與於諸力的自在之性。」(《大義釋》192;《小義釋》97;《無礙解道》3.161)

「也(api)」一語是於推重;以它闡明對所將說之有德的法的推重——[意謂]「連那位具足如是殊勝功德的世尊也[尚須如此]」。 「佛的境界」者:即正等正覺。「修習了」者:即令生起、並令增長。「現證了」者:即作為現量。「趣得」者:即已達,義即已證得;它與「佛的境界」相關聯。「離垢的」者:即垢已離去,義即無過失。「[我]禮敬」者:即我敬禮,或我讚歎。「無上的」者:即無有更上者,義即出世間。「法」者:使如所教導而行道者不墮於惡趣與輪迴而執持之,故為「法(dhamma)」。 而此中略義如是——如是具足種種功德之聚的佛陀世尊,修習了那稱為聖道的法、又現證了那稱為果與涅槃的[法],[從而]證得了無上正等正覺;我敬禮那一法——[它]連對諸佛也是佛的境界之因,離於一切過失與垢,由於沒有比自己更上者而為無上——[即]通達正法。應知此處也攝取了教理正法,因為[它]是那[通達正法]的顯示者。

或者,由於義注中說了「[他]證得了阿毗達摩法門之海,觸察了三藏」,故教理法也可得「現證」與「觸察」的說法;應知它[教理法]於此處也確已被說到。 同樣,由於說了「修習了、現證了那法」,應知連同那作為諸佛所作之法的諸波羅蜜,前分的增上戒學等也於此處被「法」一語攝取——因為它們也由為垢之對治而「離垢」,由不共他者而「無上」。 正因如此:世尊為使眾生出離一切輪轉之苦而作了大發願,[其]意樂以大悲之安住而柔善;以恭敬、無間地修習並現證那些為殊勝之慧所洗滌而無垢的、布施、調伏、律儀等最上之法——[歷時]十萬[劫]以上的四阿僧祇劫,無有餘剩——[從而]於業等證得自在之性,[其]大威力希奇難思,於增上戒與增上心達到了最極的波羅蜜;[如是]於緣之行相以二十四俱胝十萬之門運轉大金剛智,現觀了無上正等正覺。

而此中,以「修習了」是依明成就讚歎法,以「現證了」是依解脫(vimutti)成就[讚歎]。同樣,以第一[語]依禪成就,以第二[語]依解脫(vimokkha)成就。或者以第一[語]依定成就,以第二[語]依等至成就。 或者以第一[語]依「於盡之智」之性,以第二[語]依「於不生之智」之性。或者以前[語]依如電之性,以第二[語]依如金剛之性。或者以前[語]依離貪成就,以第二[語]依滅成就。同樣,以第一[語]依出離(niyyāna)之性,以第二[語]依出脫(nissaraṇa)之性。或者以第一[語]依因之性,以第二[語]依無為之性。或者以第一[語]依見之性,以第二[語]依離之性。或者以第一[語]依增上之性,以第二[語]依不死之性讚歎法。 或者,以「修習了那法而趣得佛的境界」是依善說之性讚歎法;以「現證了」[則依]現見之性。同樣,以前[語]依無時之性,以後[語]依來見之性。或者以前[語]依引導之性,以後[語]依各自應證知之性讚歎法。 以「離垢的」,由闡明無有雜染而顯示法的遍淨性;以「無上的」,由闡明無有其他更殊勝者而[顯示其]廣大圓滿性。或者以第一[語]顯示法的斷成就,以第二[語][顯示]自性成就。 或者,法的「離垢」之性應就其應被修習[而言]來配合——因為由修習之德,它便是諸過失的根除者;「無上」之性應就其應被現證[而言]來配合——因為由現證之生起,在它之上無有應作,[且]不共他者,故為「無上」。 同樣,以「修習了」,連同前分的戒等,有學的戒、定、慧三蘊被顯示;以「現證了」,連同無為界,無學的戒、定、慧三蘊被顯示。

2. Evaṃ saṅkhepena sakalasabbaññuguṇehi bhagavantaṃ abhitthavitvā idāni saddhammaṃ thometuṃ ‘‘buddhopī’’tiādimāha. Tattha buddhoti kattuniddeso. Buddhabhāvanti kammaniddeso. Bhāvetvā sacchikatvāti ca pubbakālakiriyāniddeso. Yanti aniyamato kammaniddeso. Upagatoti aparakālakiriyāniddeso. Vandeti kiriyāniddeso. Tanti niyamanaṃ. Dhammanti vandanakiriyāya kammaniddeso. Gatamalaṃ anuttaranti ca tabbisesanaṃ.
Tattha buddhasaddassa tāva ‘‘bujjhitā saccānīti buddho, bodhetā pajāyāti buddho’’tiādinā niddesanayena (mahāni. 192; cūḷani. 97) attho veditabbo. Atha vā savāsanāya aññāṇaniddāya accantavigamato, buddhiyā vā vikasitabhāvato buddhavāti buddho jāgaraṇavikasanatthavasena. Atha vā kassacipi ñeyyadhammassa anavabuddhassa abhāvena ñeyyavisesassa kammabhāvena aggahaṇato kammavacanicchāya abhāvena avagamanatthavaseneva kattuniddeso labbhatīti buddhavāti buddho yathā ‘‘dikkhito na dadātī’’ti. Atthato pana pāramitāparibhāvito sayambhuñāṇena saha vāsanāya vihataviddhastaniravasesakileso mahākaruṇāsabbaññutaññāṇādiaparimeyyaguṇagaṇādhāro khandhasantāno buddho. Yathāha –
‘‘Buddhoti yo so bhagavā sayambhū. Anācariyako pubbe ananussutesu dhammesu sāmaṃ saccāni abhisambujjhi, tattha ca sabbaññutaṃ patto balesu ca vasībhāva’’nti (mahāni. 192; cūḷani. 97; paṭi. ma. 3.161).
Api-saddo sambhāvane. Tena ‘‘evaṃ guṇavisesayutto sopi nāma bhagavā’’ti vakkhamānaguṇe dhamme sambhāvanaṃ dīpeti. Buddhabhāvanti sammāsambodhiṃ. Bhāvetvāti uppādetvā vaḍḍhetvā ca. Sacchikatvāti paccakkhaṃ katvā. Upagatoti patto, adhigatoti attho. Etassa ‘‘buddhabhāva’’nti etena sambandho. Gatamalanti vigatamalaṃ, niddosanti attho. Vandeti paṇamāmi, thomemi vā. Anuttaranti uttararahitaṃ, lokuttaranti attho. Dhammanti yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjamāne apāyato ca saṃsārato ca apatamāne katvā dhāretīti dhammo. Ayañhettha saṅkhepattho – evaṃ vividhaguṇagaṇasamannāgato buddhopi bhagavā yaṃ ariyamaggasaṅkhātaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvetvā, phalanibbānasaṅkhātaṃ pana sacchikatvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ adhigato, tametaṃ buddhānampi buddhabhāvahetubhūtaṃ sabbadosamalarahitaṃ attano uttaritarābhāvena anuttaraṃ paṭivedhasaddhammaṃ namāmīti. Pariyattisaddhammassāpi tappakāsanattā idha saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo.
Atha vā ‘‘abhidhammanayasamuddaṃ adhigacchi, tīṇi piṭakāni sammasī’’ti ca aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttattā pariyattidhammassapi sacchikiriyāsammasanapariyāyo labbhatīti sopi idha vutto evāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Tathā ‘‘yaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvetvā saccikatvā’’ti ca vuttattā buddhakaradhammabhūtāhi pāramitāhi saha pubbabhāge adhisīlasikkhādayopi idha dhammasaddena saṅgahitāti veditabbaṃ. Tāpi hi malapaṭipakkhatāya gatamalā anaññasādhāraṇatāya anuttarā cāti. Tathā hi sattānaṃ sakalavaṭṭadukkhanissaraṇatthāya katamahābhinīhāro mahākaruṇādhivāsapesalajjhāsayo paññāvisesaparidhotanimmalānaṃ dānadamasaṃyamādīnaṃ uttamadhammānaṃ satasahassādhikāni kappānaṃ cattāri asaṅkhyeyyāni sakkaccaṃ nirantaraṃ niravasesānaṃ bhāvanāpaccakkhakaraṇehi kammādīsu adhigatavasībhāvo acchariyācinteyyamahānubhāvo adhisīlādhicittānaṃ paramukkaṃsapāramippatto bhagavā paccayākāre catuvīsatikoṭisatasahassamukhena mahāvajirañāṇaṃ pesetvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddhoti.
Ettha ca ‘‘bhāvetvā’’ti etena vijjāsampadāya dhammaṃ thometi, ‘‘sacchikatvā’’ti etena vimuttisampadāya. Tathā paṭhamena jhānasampadāya, dutiyena vimokkhasampadāya. Paṭhamena vā samādhisampadāya, dutiyena samāpattisampadāya. Atha vā paṭhamena khayeñāṇabhāvena, dutiyena anuppādeñāṇabhāvena. Purimena vā vijjūpamatāya, dutiyena vajirūpamatāya. Purimena vā virāgasampattiyā, dutiyena nirodhasampattiyā. Tathā paṭhamena niyyānabhāvena, dutiyena nisssaraṇabhāvena. Paṭhamena vā hetubhāvena, dutiyena asaṅkhatabhāvena. Paṭhamena vā dassanabhāvena, dutiyena vivekabhāvena. Paṭhamena vā adhipatibhāvena, dutiyena amatabhāvena dhammaṃ thometi. Atha vā ‘‘yaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvetvā buddhabhāvaṃ upagato’’ti etena svākkhātatāya dhammaṃ thometi. ‘‘Sacchikatvā’’ti etena sandiṭṭhikatāya. Tathā purimena akālikatāya, pacchimena ehipassikatāya. Purimena vā opaneyyikatāya, pacchimena paccattaṃ veditabbatāya dhammaṃ thometi. ‘‘Gatamala’’nti iminā saṃkilesābhāvadīpanena dhammassa parisuddhataṃ dasseti, ‘‘anuttara’’nti etena aññassa visiṭṭhassa abhāvadīpanena vipulaparipuṇṇataṃ. Paṭhamena vā pahānasampadaṃ dhammassa dasseti, dutiyena sabhāvasampadaṃ. Bhāvetabbatāya vā dhammassa gatamalabhāvo yojetabbo. Bhāvanāguṇena hi so dosānaṃ samugghātako hotīti. Sacchikātabbabhāvena anuttarabhāvo yojetabbo. Sacchikiriyānibbattito hi taduttarikaraṇīyābhāvato anaññasādhāraṇatāya anuttaroti. Tathā ‘‘bhāvetvā’’ti etena saha pubbabhāgasīlādīhi sekkhā sīlasamādhipaññākkhandhā dassitā honti, ‘‘sacchikatvā’’ti etena saha asaṅkhatāya dhātuyā asekkhā sīlasamādhipaññākkhandhā dassitā hontīti.
3緬 1.13已對照

三、如是以法的一切功德略贊正法之後,如今為讚歎聖僧團而說了「善逝的」等語。 此中,「善逝的」是關聯之舉示,它與「諸子」相關聯。「諸胸生[之子]」是「諸子」的限定語。「破魔軍者」是胸生子之性的因之舉示;以此顯示:[阿闍梨]承認唯斷煩惱才是[成為]世尊胸生子之性的因。「八[輩]」是算數限定之舉示;以此顯示:縱然他們依眾生之差別有數千之數,[卻]不超越這一算數限定——因為[他們]不超越住道者與住果者之性。「聚」是總集之舉示。「聖僧團」是德殊勝之和合體性的舉示;以此顯示:縱然諸聖人不集於[同一]眾中,[其]身之和合[仍]有聖僧團之性——因為[他們]由見與戒的共同而結合。

此中,在胸中有、[即]生、且長養者,為「諸胸生[之子]」。正如眾生的胸生子由自己所生,特別地成為父親所有之遺產的分受者;同樣,那些聖人也由於在聞正等正覺者之法的末後以聖生而生,[故]必定成為世尊所有之解脫樂與聖法之寶的分受者——[故]如胸生子而為「諸胸生[之子]」。 或者,那些由世尊說法之威力而正入與已入聖地的聖弟子,由於[其]高貴之生是世尊以胸[之力]、以精勤所生,[故]不依引申義即應被稱為「胸生子」。因為縱由諸弟子所轉起的說法,也正被稱為「世尊的說法」——由於以他為根本,且無有相等的差別。

雖然在諸聖弟子證得聖道之時,天子魔或魔軍並不像[對]世尊那樣必定為作障礙而來擾逼;然而由於[煩惱這一]應被它們擾逼的因已被破除,那些[魔]也就名為已被破除——[故阿闍梨]說「破魔軍者」。 而於此義中,本應說「破魔與魔軍者」,[卻]說「破魔軍者」——應知這是作了「同一部分的餘一(ekadesasarūpekaseso)」。 或者,正如蘊魔與行魔,天子魔也在殺害功德上趣得助伴之性;[故]煩惱的軍力被稱為「軍」。如所說「諸欲是你的第一軍」等(《經集》438;《大義釋》28、68、149)。而那有一千五百種差別、或無量差別的煩惱軍,已被他們以念、擇法、精進、止等功德之兵器分分地破除、擊破、摧毀——[故]為「破魔軍者」,[即]諸聖弟子。以此顯示他們是世尊的隨生子。

依語源之法:由於遠離諸煩惱,由於不行於非道,又由於行於道,[故為]「諸聖者(ariyā)」。 或者,由於為含天之世間當作「歸依處」而應趣往、應親近,且已親近者[之]所求之義得成,[故為]「諸聖者」;是諸聖者的僧團,故為「聖僧團」;或者,是聖的而又是僧團,故為「聖僧團」;[禮敬]那「聖僧團」。 應知:在世尊[滅度]之後分,連佛寶與法寶的證得也依於僧寶;[故]為顯示聖僧團有多所助益,才唯在此處說了「我以頭禮敬」。

而此中,以「善逝的諸胸生之子」顯示聖僧團的出處成就;以「破魔軍者」[顯示]斷成就——由闡明斷一切雜染;以「那八[輩]之聚」[顯示]智成就——由闡明住道者與住果者之性;以「聖僧團」顯示威力成就——由闡明[它]是一切僧團中的最上者。 或者,「善逝的諸胸生之子」是闡明聖僧團的清淨所依之性;「破魔軍者」是闡明[其]正行道、正直行道、如理行道、正當行道之性;「那八[輩]之聚」是闡明[其]應供養等之性;「聖僧團」是闡明[其]無上福田之性。 同樣,以「善逝的諸胸生之子」闡明聖僧團有出世間歸依之存在——因為由出世間歸依,他們才生為世尊的胸生子。以「破魔軍者」顯示由發願成就所成的、前分的正行道——因為已作發願而正行道者,能戰勝魔或魔眾。以「那八[輩]之聚」顯示那已摧毀對治品的有學與無學之法——因為[此處]是依人為所依而顯示道法與果法。「聖僧團」顯示[其]最上應施者之性。 而歸依是諸弟子一切功德之初,連同前分行道的有學戒蘊等在中,無學戒蘊等是終;如是[以]初、中、後之善美,聖僧團的一切功德便略被顯示了。

3. Evaṃ saṅkhepeneva sabbadhammaguṇehi saddhammaṃ abhitthavitvā idāni ariyasaṅghaṃ thometuṃ ‘‘sugatassā’’tiādimāha. Tattha sugatassāti sambandhaniddeso, tassa ‘‘puttāna’’nti etena sambandho. Orasānanti puttavisesanaṃ. Mārasenamathanānanti orasaputtabhāve kāraṇaniddeso. Tena kilesappahānameva bhagavato orasaputtabhāve kāraṇaṃ anujānātīti dasseti. Aṭṭhannanti gaṇanaparicchedaniddeso. Tena satipi tesaṃ sattavisesabhāvena anekasahassasaṅkhābhāve imaṃ gaṇanaparicchedaṃ nātivattantīti dasseti maggaṭṭhaphalaṭṭhabhāvānātivattanato. Samūhanti samudāyaniddeso. Ariyasaṅghanti guṇavisiṭṭhasaṅghāṭabhāvaniddeso. Tena asabhipi ariyapuggalānaṃ kāyasāmaggiyaṃ ariyasaṅghabhāvaṃ dasseti diṭṭhisīlasāmaññena saṃhatabhāvato.
Tattha urasi bhavā jātā saṃvaddhā ca orasā. Yathā hi sattānaṃ orasaputtā attajātatāya pitu santakassa dāyajjassa visesena bhāgino honti, evameva tepi ariyapuggalā sammāsambuddhassa dhammassavanante ariyāya jātiyā jātatāya bhagavato santakassa vimuttisukhassa ariyadhammaratanassa ca ekantabhāginoti orasā viya orasā. Atha vā bhagavato dhammadesanānubhāvena ariyabhūmiṃ okkamamānā okkantā ca ariyasāvakā bhagavato urena vāyāmajanitābhijātitāya nippariyāyena ‘‘orasaputtā’’ti vattabbataṃ arahanti. Sāvakehi pavattiyamānāpi hi dhammadesanā ‘‘bhagavato dhammadesanā’’icceva vuccati taṃmūlikattā lakkhaṇādivisesābhāvato ca.
Yadipi ariyasāvakānaṃ ariyamaggādhigamasamaye bhagavato viya tadantarāya karaṇatthaṃ devaputtamāro, māravāhinī vā na ekantena apasādeti, tehi pana apasādetabbatāya kāraṇe vimathite tepi vimathitā eva nāma hontīti āha – ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti. Imasmiṃ panatthe ‘‘māramārasenamathanāna’’nti vattabbe ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti ekadesasarūpekaseso katoti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Atha vā khandhābhisaṅkhāramārānaṃ viya devaputtamārassapi guṇamāraṇe sahāyabhāvūpagamanato kilesabalakāyo ‘‘senā’’ti vuccati. Yathāha ‘‘kāmā te paṭhamā senā’’tiādi (su. ni. 438; mahāni. 28, 68, 149). Sā ca tehi diyaḍḍhasahassabhedā anantabhedā vā kilesavāhinī satidhammavicayavīriyasamathādiguṇapaharaṇehi odhiso vimathitā vihatā viddhastā cāti mārasenamathanā, ariyasāvakā. Etena tesaṃ bhagavato anujātaputtataṃ dasseti.
Ārakattā kilesehi, anaye na iriyanato, aye ca iriyanato ariyā niruttinayena. Atha vā sadevakena lokena ‘‘saraṇa’’nti araṇīyato upagantabbato upagatānañca tadatthasiddhito ariyā, ariyānaṃ saṅghoti ariyasaṅgho, ariyo ca so saṅgho cāti vā ariyasaṅgho, taṃ ariyasaṅghaṃ. Bhagavato aparabhāge buddhadhammaratanānampi samadhigamo saṅgharatanādhīnoti ariyasaṅghassa bahūpakārataṃ dassetuṃ idheva ‘‘sirasā vande’’ti vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Ettha ca ‘‘sugatassa orasānaṃ puttāna’’nti etena ariyasaṅghassa pabhavasampadaṃ dasseti, ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti etena pahānasampadaṃ sakalasaṃkilesappahānadīpanato. ‘‘Aṭṭhannampi samūha’’nti etena ñāṇasampadaṃ maggaṭṭhaphalaṭṭhabhāvadīpanato. ‘‘Ariyasaṅgha’’nti etena pabhāvasampadaṃ dasseti sabbasaṅghānaṃ aggabhāvadīpanato. Atha vā ‘‘sugatassa orasānaṃ puttāna’’nti ariyasaṅghassa visuddhanissayabhāvadīpanaṃ, ‘‘mārasenamathanāna’’nti sammāujuñāyasāmīcippaṭipannabhāvadīpanaṃ, ‘‘aṭṭhannampi samūha’’nti āhuneyyādibhāvadīpanaṃ, ‘‘ariyasaṅgha’’nti anuttarapuññakkhettabhāvadīpanaṃ. Tathā ‘‘sugatassa orasānaṃ puttāna’’nti etena ariyasaṅghassa lokuttarasaraṇagamanasabbhāvaṃ dīpeti. Lokuttarasaraṇagamanena hi te bhagavato orasaputtā jātā. ‘‘Mārasenamathanāna’’nti etena abhinīhārasampadāsiddhaṃ pubbabhāge sammāpaṭipattiṃ dasseti. Katābhinīhārā hi sammāpaṭipannā māraṃ māraparisaṃ vā abhivijinanti. ‘‘Aṭṭhannampi samūha’’nti etena paṭividdhastavipakkhe sekkhāsekkhadhamme dasseti puggalādhiṭṭhānena maggaphaladhammānaṃ pakāsitattā. ‘‘Ariyasaṅgha’’nti aggadakkhiṇeyyabhāvaṃ dasseti. Saraṇagamanañca sāvakānaṃ sabbaguṇānaṃ ādi, sapubbabhāgapaṭipadā sekkhā sīlakkhandhādayo majjhe, asekkhā sīlakkhandhādayo pariyosānanti ādimajjhapariyosānakalyāṇā saṅkhepato sabbe ariyasaṅghaguṇā pakāsitā honti.
4緬 1.15已對照

四、如是以三首偈、依略說一切功德之門作了三寶的敬禮之後,如今為把那敬禮之作迴向於如所意指的目的,[阿闍梨]說了「如是,由我」等語。 此中,以能生喜之義為「寶(ratana)」,[即]佛、法、僧。因為以「彼世尊亦即是[阿羅漢]」等[語]憶念他們如實之德者,[心中]生起不少的、作為證得不死之因的喜與歡悅。如所說——

「摩訶男,當聖弟子隨念如來之時,他於那時心不為貪所纏縛,不為瞋……乃至……心不為痴所纏縛……乃至……摩訶男,心已正直的聖弟子獲得義喜(atthaveda),獲得法喜(dhammaveda),獲得與法相應的愉悅(pāmojja);已生愉悅者便生起喜。」等(《增支部》6.10;11.11)。

或者,受尊重等之性[即]「寶」義。而這也已說過——

「受尊重、價值大, 無與倫比、難得見;

非下劣眾生所受用—— 故稱為寶。」(《長部義注》2.33;《相應部義注》3.5.223;《小誦義注》6.3;《經集義注》1.226;《大義釋義注》50)

而受尊重之性等是不共他者的,唯於佛等[三寶]才可得。

禮敬本身[即]「由禮敬所成(vandanāmaya)」,如「由布施所成、由持戒所成」(《長部》3.305;《如是語》60)。而此處「禮敬」[即]以身、語、心傾向三寶之德,或[即]讚歎。由生起應尊敬之有與果,[故為]「福(puñña)」;或者,[它]淨化自己的相續[故為「福」]。 「障礙善除者」者:即障礙已被善除者。以此顯示:由自己淨信的成就與三寶田之性的成就,那福便有能力破除那些損害義之顯明的災禍。 「成為」者:[這]是前時動作;它與「我將顯明[其]義」相關聯。「它的」者:即那由禮敬三寶所成的那份福的。「以威力」者:即以力。

4. Evaṃ gāthāttayena saṅkhepato sakalaguṇasaṃkittanamukhena ratanattayassa paṇāmaṃ katvā idāni taṃnipaccakāraṃ yathādhippete payojane pariṇāmento ‘‘iti me’’tiādimāha. Tattha ratijananaṭṭhena ratanaṃ, buddhadhammasaṅghā. Tesañhi ‘‘itipi so bhagavā’’tiādinā yathābhūtaguṇe āvajjentassa amatādhigamahetubhūtaṃ anappakaṃ pītipāmojjaṃ uppajjati. Yathāha –
‘‘Yasmiṃ mahānāma, samaye ariyasāvako tathāgataṃ anussarati, nevassa tasmiṃ samaye rāgapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hoti, na dosa…pe… na mohapariyuṭṭhitaṃ cittaṃ hoti…pe… ujugatacitto kho mahānāma, ariyasāvako labhati atthavedaṃ, labhati dhammavedaṃ, labhati dhammūpasaṃhitaṃ pāmojjaṃ, pamuditassa pīti jāyatī’’tiādi (a. ni. 6.10; 11.11).
Cittīkatādibhāvo vā ratanaṭṭho. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Cittīkataṃ mahagghañca, atulaṃ dullabhadassanaṃ;
Anomasattaparibhogaṃ, ratanaṃ tena vuccatī’’ti. (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.33; saṃ. ni. aṭṭha. 3.5.223; khu. pā. aṭṭha. 6.3; su. ni. aṭṭha. 1.226; mahāni. aṭṭha. 50);
Cittikatabhāvādayo ca anaññasādhāraṇā buddhādīsu eva labbhantīti.
Vandanāva vandanāmayaṃ yathā ‘‘dānamayaṃ sīlamaya’’nti (dī. ni. 3.305; itivu. 60). Vandanā cettha kāyavācācittehi tiṇṇaṃ ratanānaṃ guṇaninnatā, thomanā vā. Pujjabhavaphalanibbattanato puññaṃ, attano santānaṃ punātīti vā. Suvihatantarāyoti suṭṭhu vihatantarāyo. Etena attano pasādasampattiyā ratanattayassa ca khettabhāvasampattiyā taṃ puññaṃ atthappakāsanassa upaghātakaupaddavānaṃ vihanane samatthanti dasseti. Hutvāti pubbakālakiriyā. Tassa ‘‘atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti etena sambandho. Tassāti yaṃ ratanattayavandanāmayaṃ puññaṃ, tassa. Ānubhāvenāti balena.
5緬 1.16已對照

五、如是顯示了三寶敬禮的目的之後,如今為先依贊其功德而告知他所欲釋義的那一教說,[故]說了「以中等篇幅之經所標記的」等語。 此中,「以中等篇幅之經所標記的」者:即以篇幅不過長也不過短的諸經所標記的。因為正如《長部》(dīghāgama)中諸經篇幅長,又如《相應部》《增支部》二部中[諸經]篇幅短,此[阿含]中並非如此;而此中諸經依篇幅為中等。因此說:「『以中等篇幅之經所標記的』者,義即以篇幅不過長也不過短的諸經所標記的。」以此顯示:「中(majjhima)」這[名]是它的隨義之通稱。 [設難:]諸經本身豈不就是阿含嗎?那麼是以諸經標記誰呢?——[通釋:]依勝義這是真的;然而阿含是取諸經而施設的。因為正如於義與文句之總集有「經」這一言說,同樣,於諸經之總集[便]有「阿含」這一言說。 「於此[教法]中」者:即於此教法中。自利、他利等將於其中、由它、或從它而來,故為「阿含(āgama)」;由初善等功德之成就而為最上之義,[並]由是彼彼所希求之成就之因,[故]為諸智者所應選取,故為「殊勝(vara)」;是阿含而又是殊勝,故為「殊勝的阿含」。或者,[它]為諸通曉阿含者所許為殊勝,故為「殊勝的阿含」;是中[篇]而又是殊勝的阿含,故為「殊勝的《中部》(majjhimāgamavara)」——[即]那[殊勝的《中部》]的。

諸佛的隨覺者[合稱]「佛與隨佛覺者(buddhānubuddhā)」,[即]隨從諸佛對諦的通達而通達了諸諦的最上弟子等諸聖者;「[為他們]所贊述的」[即]依義之釋與德之贊而為他們所贊述的。 或者,應配合為「諸佛與諸隨覺者[合稱]佛與隨佛覺者」——因為律、經、阿毗達摩之義,最初正是由正等正覺者依零散教說等而分別的;後來正是那[義],才由結集者們依對彼彼[經]的釋義而編入結集。 「能破斥他論的」者:即破斥諸外道之論,義即破除他們的見執。因為這部阿含,於《根本法門經》《一切漏經》等[經]中闡明諸有見執者的見執之過失,於《薩遮迦經》(《中部》1.353)、《優波離經》(《中部》2.56)等[經]中闡明破斥薩遮迦(Saccaka)等人的邪論,[故]特別被贊為「能破斥他論者」。 而這是阿闍梨於諸釋義中的常法:於彼彼釋義之初,以稱說彼彼所應釋義之法的殊勝功德而作讚歎。正因如此,在《吉祥悅意》(Sumaṅgalavilāsinī)、《顯揚真義》(Sāratthappakāsinī)、《滿足希求》(Manorathapūraṇī)以及《法集論義注》(Aṭṭhasālinī)等[義注]中,依次以「[其]功德能引生淨信的」「能生智之分別的」「能生諸說法者中之上首的種種辯才的」「那為諸深智所潛入的、常以種種法門而為種種的阿毗達摩的」等語作了讚歎。

5. Evaṃ ratanattayassa nipaccakāre payojanaṃ dassetvā idāni yassā dhammadesanāya atthaṃ saṃvaṇṇetukāmo, tassā tāva guṇābhitthavanavasena upaññāpanatthaṃ ‘‘majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassāti nātidīghanātikhuddakapamāṇehi suttantehi lakkhitassa. Yathā hi dīghāgame dīghapamāṇāni suttāni, yathā ca saṃyuttaṅguttarāgamesu dvīsu khuddakapamāṇāni, na evaṃ idha. Idha pana pamāṇato majjhimāni suttāni. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘majjhimapamāṇasuttaṅkitassāti nātidīghanātikhuddakapamāṇehi suttantehi lakkhitassati attho’’ti. Etena ‘‘majjhimo’’ti ayaṃ imassa atthānugatasamaññāti dasseti. Nanu ca suttāni eva āgamo, kassa pana suttehi aṅkananti? Saccametaṃ paramatthato, suttāni pana upādāya paññatto āgamo. Yatheva hi atthabyañjanasamudāye ‘‘sutta’’nti vohāro, evaṃ suttasamudāye ayaṃ ‘‘āgamo’’ti vohāro. Idhāti imasmiṃ sāsane. Āgamissanti ettha, etena etasmā vā attatthaparatthādayoti āgamo, ādikalyāṇādiguṇasampattiyā uttamaṭṭhena taṃtaṃabhipatthitasamiddhihetutāya paṇḍitehi varitabbato varo, āgamo ca so varo cāti āgamavaro. Āgamasammatehi vā varoti āgamavaro, majjhimo ca so āgamavaro cāti majjhimāgamavaro, tassa.
Buddhānaṃ anubuddhānaṃ buddhānubuddhā, buddhānaṃ saccapaṭivedhaṃ anugamma paṭividdhasaccā aggasāvakādayo ariyā. Tehi atthasaṃvaṇṇanāguṇasaṃvaṇṇanānaṃ vasena saṃvaṇṇitassa. Atha vā buddhā ca anubuddhā ca buddhānubuddhāti yojetabbaṃ. Sammāsambuddheneva hi vinayasuttābhidhammānaṃ pakiṇṇakadesanādivasena yo paṭhamaṃ attho vibhatto, so eva pacchā tassa tassa saṃvaṇṇanāvasena saṅgītikārehi saṅgahaṃ āropitoti. Paravādamathanassāti aññatitthiyānaṃ vādanimmathanassa, tesaṃ diṭṭhigatabhañjanassāti attho. Ayañhi āgamo mūlapariyāyasuttasabbāsavasuttādīsu diṭṭhigatikānaṃ diṭṭhigatadosavibhāvanato saccakasuttaṃ (ma. ni. 1.353) upālisuttādīsu (ma. ni. 2.56) saccakādīnaṃ micchāvādanimmathanadīpanato visesato ‘‘paravādamathano’’ti thomitoti. Saṃvaṇṇanāsu cāyaṃ ācariyassa pakati, yā taṃtaṃsaṃvaṇṇanāsu ādito tassa tassa saṃvaṇṇetabbassa dhammassa visesaguṇakittanena thomanā. Tathā hi sumaṅgalavilāsinīsāratthapakāsinīmanorathapūraṇīsu aṭṭhasālinīādīsu ca yathākkamaṃ ‘‘saddhāvahaguṇassa, ñāṇappabhedajananassa, dhammakathikapuṅgavānaṃ vicittapaṭibhānajananassa, tassa gambhīrañāṇehi ogāḷhassa abhiṇhaso nānānayavicittassa abhidhammassā’’tiādinā thomanā katā.
6已對照

六、由它而義被說,故為「義之說(atthakathā)」;它本身即「義注(aṭṭhakathā)」——是把 ttha 音作成 ṭṭha 音[而成],如「苦的惱害義(dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho)」(《無礙解道》1.17;2.8)。「最初」等[句]中,[「最初」即]於第一次結集時。 由於具足六神通之性與最上的心自在之性,又由於於諸禪等有五種自在之存在,[故為]「諸得自在者(vasī)」,[即]大迦葉(Mahākassapa)等諸長老;「五[個]他們之百」[即五百位]。 「那」者:即那部義注。「所結集」者:即在適於顯明義之處,以「這是這[句]之義,這是這[句]之義」而結集起來所說的。「後來也被隨結集」[即]後來也於第二、第三次結集中由耶舍(Yasa)長老等[所隨結集]。 以此顯示自己釋義的來處之清淨。

6. Attho kathīyati etāyāti atthakathā, sā eva aṭṭhakathā ttha-kārassa ṭṭha-kāraṃ katvā yathā ‘‘dukkhassa pīḷanaṭṭho’’ti (paṭi. ma. 1.17; 2.8) āditotiādimhi paṭhamasaṅgītiyaṃ. Chaḷabhiññatāya paramena cittissariyabhāvena samannāgatattā jhānādīsu pañcavidhavasitāsabbhāvato ca vasino, therā mahākassapādayo. Tesaṃ satehi pañcahi. Yāti yā aṭṭhakathā. Saṅgītāti atthaṃ pakāsetuṃ yuttaṭṭhāne ‘‘ayaṃ etassa attho, ayaṃ etassa attho’’ti saṅgahetvā vuttā. Anusaṅgītā ca yasattherādīhi pacchāpi dutiyatatiyasaṅgītīsu. Iminā attano saṃvaṇṇanāya āgamanasuddhiṃ dasseti.
7已對照

七、由取、[即]由捕獅子,[故為]「師子[洲人](sīhaḷa)」,[即]師子童子。應知:由生於那世系,銅鍱洲(Tambapaṇṇidīpa)的諸剎帝利[有「師子」之性];又由是他們的住處,銅鍱洲也有「師子」之性。 「帶到了」者:即從閻浮提被帶來。「而後」者:即後來。因為在後分,為不與他部派之說相混雜,[故]義注以師子洲語(sīhaḷabhāsā)安立了下來。以此顯示:由此根本義注不是一切[人]所共通的,故這一義之顯明必定應作。正因如此說「為諸洲住民的利益」。 此中,「諸洲住民的」者:[其]配合[是]:為諸閻浮提住民、或諸師子洲(Sīhaḷadīpa)住民的利益而以師子洲語安立了下來。

7. Sīhassa lānato gahaṇato sīhaḷo, sīhakumāro. Taṃvaṃsajātatāya tambapaṇṇidīpe khattiyānaṃ, tesaṃ nivāsatāya tambapaṇṇidīpassa ca sīhaḷabhāvo veditabbo. Ābhatāti jambudīpato ānītā. Athāti pacchā. Aparabhāge hi nikāyantaraladdhīhi asaṅkaratthaṃ sīhaḷabhāsāya aṭṭhakathā ṭhapitāti. Tena mūlaṭṭhakathā sabbasādhāraṇā na hotīti idaṃ atthappakāsanaṃ ekantena karaṇīyanti dasseti. Tenevāha ‘‘dīpavāsīnamatthāyā’’ti. Tattha dīpavāsīnanti jambudīpavāsīnaṃ, sīhaḷadīpavāsīnaṃ vā atthāya sīhaḷabhāsāya ṭhapitāti yojanā.
8緬 1.17已對照

八、「除去」者:即除去那如外衣一般的師子洲語。「從那」者:即從義注。「我」[一語]是指自己;「悅意之語」[則]是摩揭陀語(māgadhabhāsā)——因為它是自性之語,能令諸智者之意歡悅。正因如此說「契合聖典(tanti)之法則」——義即順於聖典之趣、隨順聖典語的。「離於過失的」者:即離於非自性之語的他種語言。

8. Apanetvānāti kañcukasadisaṃ sīhaḷabhāsaṃ apanetvā. Tatoti aṭṭhakathāto. Ahanti attānaṃ niddisati, manoramaṃ bhāsanti māgadhabhāsaṃ. Sā hi sabhāvaniruttibhūtā paṇḍitānaṃ manaṃ ramayatīti. Tenevāha ‘‘tantinayānucchavika’’nti, pāḷigatiyā anulomikaṃ pāḷibhāsāyānuvidhāyininti attho. Vigatadosanti asabhāvaniruttibhāsantararahitaṃ.
9已對照

九、「不違背……的宗義」者:即不違逆宗義;以此說無有義之過失——因為正由於不相違,諸長老之說於此處也將被顯示。 「長老世系的明燈」者:由於具足堅固的戒蘊等,[故為]「諸長老」,[即]大迦葉等;由他們而來的阿闍梨相承[即]「長老世系」;[他們]攝屬於它,由具足阿含與證得,[且]以慧燈令它光耀,[故為]「長老世系的明燈」,[即]住於大寺(Mahāvihāra)者——[即]那些[人]的。 依種種行相而被決定,故為「抉擇(vinicchaya)」,[即]於諸結節之處以除障之行相而轉起的、能斷疑惑的論說;他們的抉擇善為精微、細緻,故為「抉擇極為精微者」。或者,[它]抉擇,故為「抉擇」,[即]以如上所說之義為境的智;應配合為:他們的抉擇善為精微、善巧。 以此顯示:住於大寺者的抉擇是由大迦葉等長老相承而來的,正由此而不顛倒、細緻、微細;[故]它有作為準量之性。

9. Samayaṃ avilomentoti siddhantaṃ avirodhento. Etena atthadosābhāvamāha. Aviruddhattā eva hi theravādāpi idha pakāsīyissanti. Theravaṃsadīpānanti thirehi sīlakkhandhādīhi samannāgatattā therā, mahākassapādayo. Tehi āgatā ācariyaparamparā theravaṃso, tappariyāpannā hutvā āgamādhigamasampannattā paññāpajjotena tassa samujjalanato theravaṃsadīpā, mahāvihāravāsino, tesaṃ. Vividhehi ākārehi nicchīyatīti vinicchayo, gaṇṭhiṭṭhānesu khīlamaddanākārena pavattā vimaticchedanī kathā. Suṭṭhu nipuṇo saṇho vinicchayo etesanti sunipuṇavinicchayā. Atha vā vinicchinotīti vinicchayo, yathāvuttatthavisayaṃ ñāṇaṃ. Suṭṭhu nipuṇo cheko vinicchayo etesanti yojetabbaṃ. Etena mahākassapāditheraparamparābhato, tato eva ca aviparīto saṇho sukhumo mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ vinicchayoti tassa pamāṇabhūtataṃ dasseti.
10已對照

十、「善人的……並(sujanassa ca)」者:「ca」一語是合集義;以它顯示「不唯為諸閻浮提住民的利益,而也是為令善人歡喜」。又以它,「也為諸銅鍱洲住民的利益」這一義便得成立——因為由受持等[變得]容易,對他們也多所助益。 「為令[法]久住」者:即為久住之義,義即為長時之住立。因為這一義之顯明,由於是不顛倒地善安置句文與善引導義的方便,[故]導致正法的久住。而這是世尊所說的:「諸比丘,此二法導致正法的住立、不忘失、不隱沒。何為二?善安置的句文,與善引導的義。」(《增支部》2.20)

10. Sujanassa cāti ca-saddo sampiṇḍanattho. Tena ‘‘na kevalaṃ jambudīpavāsīnameva atthāya, atha kho sādhujanatosanatthañcā’’ti dasseti. Tena ca ‘‘tambapaṇṇidīpavāsīnampi atthāyā’’ti ayamattho siddho hoti uggahaṇādisukaratāya tesampi bahukārattā. Ciraṭṭhitatthanti ciraṭṭhitiatthaṃ, cirakālaṭṭhitiyāti attho. Idañhi atthappakāsanaṃ aviparītapadabyañjanasunikkhepassa atthasunayassa ca upāyabhāvato saddhammassa ciraṭṭhitiyā saṃvattati. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā ‘‘dveme, bhikkhave, dhammā saddhammassa ṭhitiyā asammosāya anantaradhānāya saṃvattanti. Katame dve? Sunnikkhittañca padabyañjanaṃ attho ca sunīto’’ti (a. ni. 2.20).
11緬 1.18已對照

十一、為避免他所欲作的義之釋義過於龐大,[故]說了「戒論」等語。正因如此說「在此[義注中]不再多加論究它」。 或者,[阿闍梨]為對諸講說者作教示——[即]「《清淨道論》(Visuddhimagga)應作為他所欲作的那部義注的一部分而被取來」——[故]以「戒論」等語依總說而顯示那裡所論究的諸法。 此中,「戒論」者:即依作持、止持等[分]對戒的廣論。「頭陀法(dhutadhamma)」者:即常乞食支等十三種振落煩惱之法。「一切業處」者:即聖典中所來的三十八種、義注中[所來的]二[種],[如是]無餘的、瑜伽之業[即]修習的轉起之處。「連同性行(cariyā)之分判」者:即連同對貪行者等的自性等之分判。 而「禪與等至的廣說」中——「諸禪」[即]四色界禪,「諸等至」[即]四無色等至。或者,八[禪]中唯所已得者為「諸禪」,由證得入定自在之性[者]為「諸等至」。或者,「諸禪」[即]色界與無色界禪,「諸等至」[即]果等至與滅盡等至。

11. Yaṃ atthavaṇṇanaṃ kattukāmo, tassā mahattaṃ pariharituṃ ‘‘sīlakathā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tenevāha ‘‘na taṃ idha vicārayissāmī’’ti. Atha vā yaṃ aṭṭhakathaṃ kattukāmo, tadekadesabhāvena visuddhimaggo gahetabboti kathikānaṃ upadesaṃ karonto tattha vicāritadhamme uddesavasena dasseti ‘‘sīlakathā’’tiādinā. Tattha sīlakathāti cārittavārittādivasena sīlassa vitthārakathā. Dhutadhammāti piṇḍapātikaṅgādayo terasa kilesadhunanakadhammā. Kammaṭṭhānāni sabbānīti pāḷiyaṃ āgatāni aṭṭhatiṃsa, aṭṭhakathāyaṃ dveti niravasesāni yogakammassa bhāvanāya pavattiṭṭhānāni. Cariyāvidhānasahitoti rāgacaritādīnaṃ sabhāvādividhānena sahito. Jhānāni cattāri rūpāvacarajjhānāni, samāpattiyo catasso arūpasamāpattiyo. Aṭṭhapi vā paṭiladdhamattāni jhānāni, samāpajjanavasībhāvappattiyā samāpattiyo. Jhānāni vā rūpārūpāvacarajjhānāni, samāpattiyo phalasamāpattinirodhasamāpattiyo.
12已對照

十二、「一切神通(abhiññā)」[即]有世間與出世間之別的六神通。依《分別論·智分別》等(《分別論》751)中所來之法,以一種等[分類]對慧作合計、總攝而後抉擇,[即]「慧的合計與抉擇」。

12. Lokiyalokuttarabhedā cha abhiññāyo sabbā abhiññāyo. Ñāṇavibhaṅgādīsu (vibha. 751) āgatanayena ekavidhādinā paññāya saṃkaletvā sampiṇḍetvā nicchayo paññāsaṅkalananicchayo.
13已對照

十三、因等諸緣法對諸緣生法而有因緣等之性,[即]「緣之行相(paccayākāra)」;它的教說[即]「緣之行相的教說」,義即緣起之論。 而它由離於他部派之說的混雜而「極清淨」,由密集的分解(ghanavinibbhoga)極難為而「精微」、[即]細緻微細;又[它]是連同一性之法門等而於那裡被論究的——[故阿闍梨]說「[其]理趣極清淨而精微」。 由於是不捨棄《無礙解[道]》等中所來之法而被論究的,[故為]「不離聖典之道」。

13. Paccayadhammānaṃ hetādīnaṃ paccayuppannadhammānaṃ hetupaccayādibhāvo paccayākāro, tassa desanā paccayākāradesanā, paṭiccasamuppādakathāti attho. Sā pana nikāyantaraladdhisaṅkararahitatāya suṭṭhu parisuddhā, ghanavinibbhogassa sudukkaratāya nipuṇā saṇhasukhumā, ekattanayādisahitā ca tattha vicāritāti āha ‘‘suparisuddhanipuṇanayā’’ti. Paṭisambhidādīsu āgatanayaṃ avissajjetvāva vicāritattā avimuttatantimaggā.
14已對照

十四、「然而這一切(itipana sabbaṃ)」者:「iti」一語是於結束,「pana」一語是於語之莊嚴,義即「這一切」。「在此」者:即於這部義注。意趣[是]:由於會成重複,故「不再多加論究它」。

14. Iti pana sabbanti iti-saddo parisamāpane, pana-saddo vacanālaṅkāre, etaṃ sabbanti attho. Idhāti imissā aṭṭhakathāya. Na taṃ vicārayissāmi punaruttibhāvatoti adhippāyo.
15緬 1.19已對照

十五、如今為決定說出不論究它的確定理由,[阿闍梨]說了「此《清淨道論》,正處於……之中央」等語。 此中,以「正處於……之中央」「住[於其中]」[二語],由闡明處中之性而顯示:《清淨道論》特別是四阿含的共通義注,不像《吉祥悅意》等是不共通的義注。而「特別」這[語]是因《清淨道論》對律與阿毗達摩也隨其所應正是義之釋義[這一點]而說的。

15. Idāni tasseva avicāraṇassa ekantakāraṇaṃ niddhārento ‘‘majjhe visuddhimaggo’’tiādimāha. Tattha ‘‘majjhe ṭhatvā’’ti etena majjhaṭṭhabhāvadīpanena visesato catunnaṃ āgamānaṃ sādhāraṇaṭṭhakathā visuddhimaggo, na sumaṅgalavilāsinīādayo viya asādhāraṇaṭṭhakathāti dasseti. ‘‘Visesato’’ti ca idaṃ vinayābhidhammānampi visuddhimaggo yathārahaṃ atthavaṇṇanā hoti evāti katvā vuttaṃ.
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十六、「正是這樣(icceva)」者:即「iti eva」。「它也」者:即《清淨道論》也。「連同這部[義注]」者:即[連同]《妄衍破斥》(Papañcasūdanī)。 而此中,以「[由得自在者馬哈瑪欣德]帶到了師子洲」等語顯示作義注的因相;以「為諸洲住民的利益」「為令善人歡喜」「併為令法久住」[顯示其]目的;以「我將顯明[殊勝的]《中部》之義」[顯示其]總義;以「我從那[義注]中除去師子洲語」等語及「戒論」等語[顯示]作[義注]的方式——因為不論究戒論等,於此處也正是作[義注]的方式。

〈序論釋義〉,終。

16. Iccevāti iti eva. Tampīti visuddhimaggampi. Etāyāti papañcasūdaniyā. Ettha ca ‘‘sīhaḷadīpaṃ ābhatā’’tiādinā aṭṭhakathākaraṇassa nimittaṃ dasseti, ‘‘dīpavāsīnamatthāya, sujanassa ca tuṭṭhatthaṃ, ciraṭṭhitatthañca dhammassā’’ti etena payojanaṃ, ‘‘majjhimāgamavarassa atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti etena piṇḍatthaṃ, ‘‘apanetvāna tatohaṃ sīhaḷabhāsa’’ntiādinā, ‘‘sīlakathā’’tiādinā ca karaṇappakāraṃ. Sīlakathādīnaṃ avicāraṇampi hi idha karaṇappakāro evāti.
Ganthārambhakathāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
已對照篇首

因緣論釋義

Nidānakathāvaṇṇanā
1緬 1.20已對照

一、凡有分類者,其自體的顯明唯以顯示[其]分類為門而有;所以[義注]為先依五十[經篇]、品、經等顯示《中部》(majjhimāgama)的分類,便說了「此中,所謂『中部結集』」等語。此中,「此中(tattha)」者:即在所說的「[我要]顯明殊勝的《中部》(majjhimāgamavara)之義」那一句話中。凡依《中部》這一同義語(pariyāya)而被稱為「中部結集」者,[義注]便以「所謂『中部結集』」等[語]顯示:那[結集]就五十[經篇]等而言是這樣的。或者,「此中」[是就]「你們應以這部義注了知中部結集之義」[而言]——此處凡被說為「應了知其義」的那個中部結集,[義注]便顯示:那所謂「中部結集」就五十[經篇]等而言是這樣的。五個十[經]為一個五十[經篇](paṇṇāsā)。在根本、[即]在最初的五十[經篇],或作為根本的五十[經篇],[即]「根本五十[經篇]」——《根本五十經》(Mūlapaṇṇāsā)。處於中間者[為]「中(majjhimā)」;[它]既是「中」、又是那五十[經篇],[故為]「中分五十[經篇]」——《中分五十經》(Majjhimapaṇṇāsā)。「上(upari)」[即]「在上方(uddhaṃ)」;在上[方]的五十[經篇],[即]「後分五十[經篇]」——《後分五十經》(Uparipaṇṇāsā)。「三個五十[經篇]的合集(paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahā)」者:即三個五十[經篇]的計數。

這所謂「合集」(saṅgaha,亦作「攝」)依同類、同生處、作用、數目而有四種。此中,「毗舍佉賢友,凡正語、正業、正命,這些法被戒蘊所攝」(《中部》1.462)——這是同類攝(jātisaṅgaha)。「毗舍佉賢友,凡正精進、正念、正定,這些法被定蘊所攝」——這是同生處攝(sañjātisaṅgaha)。「毗舍佉賢友,凡正見、正思惟,這些法被慧蘊所攝」——這是作用攝(kiriyāsaṅgaha)。「若眼處歸入色蘊的數目,那麼,喂,就應當這樣說:眼處被色蘊所攝」(《論事》471)——這是數目攝(gaṇanasaṅgaha)。而在這個地方所意指的,正是這一種。因此才說「『三個五十[經篇]的合集』者:即三個五十[經篇]的計數」。

「就品而言(vaggato)」者:即就聚(samūha)而言;而此中那[聚]應依十[經為一組](dasaka)而知。因為在聖教中,「品」這一用語(vohāra)大多是就十[法為一組]而[立]的。[義注]正因此才說「於每一個五十[經篇]各作五品」。「十五品的會合(pannarasavaggasamāyogā)」者:義即十五品的結合。而有些[師]說 samāyoga 一詞是總集(samudāya)之義。「就句而言(padato)」——此中所意指為「句(pada)」者,是八字母的偈支(gāthāpāda);所以有[師]說:[義注的]讀法本應作「就字母而言,[有]六十萬字母與四萬四千[字母],[並]超出一百八十四[字母]」[,即六十四萬四千一百八十四——八萬零五百二十三句,每句八字母,得六十四萬四千一百八十四字母]。然而,由於[也]存在九字母乃至十二字母的偈支,所以也就那樣的[長]偈而作成「二百五十偈為一誦分」,才說了「就字母而言,[有]七十萬字母、四萬[字母]與五十三字母」[,共七十四萬零五十三]。因為唯有這樣,字母之計數才與句之計數、誦分之計數相合,否則[便]不然。而「誦分(bhāṇavāra)」者:即依三十二字母之偈而[算]的二百五十偈[——一偈四句、每句八字母,故一誦分為二百五十偈、一千句、八千字母;八萬零五百二十三句即八十誦分(八萬句)、半誦分(五百句)與二十三句];又此字母之計數與誦分之計數,應知是隨句之計數而得的。正是為了使[人]了知這個義,[義注]才在經之計數之後不計誦分、而先計了句。關於此,這樣說道——

「正如《中部》的諸誦分[已]被顯示,

又[有]超出二十三句的半誦分——

[則]應顯明字母[有]七十萬,

[並]四萬[字母]與五十三字母。」

「就連貫而言(anusandhito)」者:即就開示的連貫而言。因為在同一部經中,前後諸開示部分的連屬,由[前後]隨相連屬(anusandhāna)之故[而名為]「連貫」。而此中,意樂連貫有二種:自意樂連貫與他意樂連貫。而那[連貫]:有些處是依開示未完成時聽法者的發問[而有],有些處是依正在開示的導師、[或]弟子、[或]諸受法者的意樂[而有],有些處是依所應開示之法[而有]——如是略[說]有三種。因此才說「就略[說]而有問連貫、意樂連貫、隨順連貫三種連貫」。而就略[說],連貫也應知[可]有四種。此中,「這樣說時,某位比丘對世尊這樣說:『尊者,什麼是此岸?什麼是彼岸?什麼是中間的沉沒?什麼是陸上的擱淺?什麼是人所執?什麼是非人所執?什麼是漩渦所執?什麼是內腐之性?』」(《相應部》4.241)——依世尊為這樣發問[的諸人]作解答而轉起的開示,應知[是]問連貫。「那時,某位比丘心中生起了這樣的尋思:『這麼說來,尊師,色是無我,受……想……行……識是無我;那麼,由無我所作的諸業,將觸著哪一個我呢?』於是世尊以心了知那位比丘心中的尋思,便召喚諸比丘:『諸比丘,而這樣的情形是有的:此處某個愚痴人無知、已入無明,以渴愛為增上的心,竟以為可以超越導師的教誡[而想]:「這麼說來,尊師,色是無我……乃至……將觸著[哪一個我]呢?」諸比丘,你們認為怎樣:色是常還是無常?』」(《中部》3.90)——依世尊這樣了知他人的意樂而轉起的開示,應知[是]他意樂連貫。

「婆羅門,那時我這樣想:『我何不在那些眾所知、特加標定的夜裡——即半月的十四日、十五日與第八日——在那樣的夜裡,住在那些可怖、令[人]身毛豎立的園林塔廟、林塔廟、樹塔廟那樣的坐臥處中呢?或許我能見到怖駭。』」(《中部》1.49)——依世尊這樣[所說],以及「賢友們,此中,貪是惡的,瞋也是惡的。為斷除貪、為斷除瞋,有能生眼、能生智,導向寂靜、證智、正覺、涅槃的中道」(《中部》1.33)——依法將這樣唯以自己的意樂而轉起的開示,應知[是]自意樂連貫。而在哪些經中,由哪一法而開示於初興起,後文的開示便依與那法相順之法、或依[其]對反而來——依那些[經]應知[是]隨順連貫。即:在《希望經》(Ākaṅkheyyasutta,《中部》1.65)中,前面由戒而開示興起,後面來了[諸]證智。在《布經》(Vatthusutta,即《布喻經》,《中部》1.70)中,前面由煩惱而開示興起,後面來了諸梵住。在《憍賞彌經》(Kosambakasutta,《中部》1.491)中,前面由鬥諍而開示興起,後面來了諸可念法。在《鋸喻[經]》(Kakacūpama,《中部》1.222)中,前面依不忍而開示興起,後面來了鋸喻。

「而此中就廣[說]而言(vitthārato panettha)」者:即這樣就略[說]而[有]三種、四種的連貫,在此、[即]在這《中部》中,於彼彼經中隨其所應就廣[說]而分別、[從而]被了知時,[則]成為超出九百的三千個連貫[,即三千九百]。而這五十[經篇]等的分類之語,既是為顯示中部結集的自體之相,同樣也是為遮除添入(pakkhepa)之過。因為諸五十[經篇]等這樣被確立之後,任何人便再無機會把脫出那[分類]之外的任何經、乃至[只是]一句取來,說「這[也]是中部結集的[一分]」了。

如是依五十[經篇]、品、經、誦分、連貫、文(byañjana)[諸門]確立了中部結集之後,如今[義注]欲從起首解說它,為顯示自己的解說唯依那[結集]於第一次大結集中所置定的次第而轉起,便說了「此中,於諸五十[經篇]中,《根本五十經》為首」等語。此中,把因隨緣而在彼彼處被開示、被制立、[從而]散在各處的法與律攝集起來而唱誦、[即]講說,[名為]「結集(saṅgīti)」;由境廣大與應受供養[之故]而為大的結集,[名為]「大結集」;最初的大結集[即]「第一次大結集」;它所轉起之時[即]「第一次大結集之時」;[「在第一次大結集時」,即]在那第一次大結集之時。「[它]置下(nidadāti)」,[即]把依說處、說時等[而言]本不可知的開示作成可知而指示出來(nidasseti),故為「因緣(nidāna)」——它正是世間人所稱的「引言(upogghāta)」;此處應知這[因緣]即是「如是我聞」等[起首]的那段文(gantha),而不是如「諸比丘,我是有因緣地說法」等[語](《增支部》3.126)中那樣[指]意樂等開示生起之因。[義注]正因此才說「以尊者阿難在第一次大結集時所說的『如是我聞』等[語]為首的因緣」。誠然,此中[義注]既欲依那第一次大結集中所置定的次第而作解說,那[結集]本應就廣[說]而說;然而由於[作者]自己已在《吉祥悅意》(《長部復注》1〈因緣論釋義〉)中詳說過了,[故]應就在那裡取[之]——[義注]為避免這部解說變得龐大,便說了「而這[第一次大結集]」等語。

〈因緣論〉釋義,終。

1. Vibhāgavantānaṃ sabhāvavibhāvanaṃ vibhāgadassanamukheneva hotīti paṭhamaṃ tāva paṇṇāsavaggasuttādivasena majjhimāgamassa vibhāgaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘tattha majjhimasaṅgīti nāmā’’tiādimāha. Tattha tatthāti yaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘majjhimāgamavarassa atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti, tasmiṃ vacane. Yā majjhimāgamapariyāyena majjhimasaṅgīti vuttā, sā paṇṇāsādito edisāti dasseti ‘‘majjhimasaṅgīti nāmā’’tiādinā. Tatthāti vā ‘‘etāya aṭṭhakathāya vijānātha majjhimasaṅgītiyā attha’’nti ettha yassā majjhimasaṅgītiyā atthaṃ vijānāthāti vuttaṃ, sā majjhimasaṅgīti nāma paṇṇāsādito edisāti dasseti. Pañca dasakā paṇṇāsā, mūle ādimhi paṇṇāsā, mūlabhūtā vā paṇṇāsā mūlapaṇṇāsā. Majjhe bhavā majjhimā, majjhimā ca sā paṇṇāsā cāti majjhimapaṇṇāsā. Upari uddhaṃ paṇṇāsā uparipaṇṇāsā. Paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahāti paṇṇāsattayaparigaṇanā.
Ayaṃ saṅgaho nāma jātisañjātikiriyāgaṇanavasena catubbidho. Tattha ‘‘yā cāvuso visākha, sammāvācā, yo ca sammākammanto, yo ca sammāājīvo, ime dhammā sīlakkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti (ma. ni. 1.462) ayaṃ jātisaṅgaho. ‘‘Yo cāvuso visākha, sammāvāyāmo. Yā ca sammāsati, yo ca sammāsamādhi, ime dhammā samādhikkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti ayaṃ sañjātisaṅgaho. ‘‘Yā cāvuso visākha, sammādiṭṭhi, yo ca sammāsaṅkappo, ime dhammā paññākkhandhe saṅgahitā’’ti ayaṃ kiriyāsaṅgaho. ‘‘Hañci cakkhāyatanaṃ rūpakkhandhagaṇanaṃ gacchati, tena vata re vattabbe cakkhāyatanaṃ rūpakkhandhena saṅgahita’’nti (kathā. 471) ayaṃ gaṇanasaṅgaho. Ayameva ca idhādhippeto. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘paṇṇāsattayasaṅgahāti paṇṇāsattayaparigaṇanā’’ti.
Vaggatoti samūhato, so panettha dasakavasena veditabbo. Yebhuyyena hi sāsane dasake vaggavohāro. Tenevāha ‘‘ekekāya paṇṇāsāya pañca pañca vagge katvā’’ti. Pannarasavaggasamāyogāti pannarasavaggasaṃyogāti attho. Keci pana samāyogasaddaṃ samudāyatthaṃ vadanti. Padatoti ettha aṭṭhakkharo gāthāpādo ‘‘pada’’nti adhippeto, tasmā ‘‘akkharato cha akkharasatasahassāni caturāsītuttarasatādhikāni catucattālīsa sahassāni ca akkharānī’’ti pāṭhena bhavitabbanti vadanti. Yasmā pana navakkharo yāva dvādasakkharo ca gāthāpādo saṃvijjati, tasmā tādisānampi gāthānaṃ vasena aḍḍhateyyagāthāsataṃ bhāṇavāro hotīti katvā ‘‘akkharato satta akkharasatasahassāni cattālīsañca sahassāni tepaññāsañca akkharānī’’ti vuttaṃ. Evañhi padabhāṇavāragaṇanāhi akkharagaṇanā saṃsandati, netarathā. Bhāṇavāroti ca dvattiṃsakkharānaṃ gāthānaṃ vasena aḍḍhateyyagāthāsataṃ, ayañca akkharagaṇanā bhāṇavāragaṇanā ca padagaṇanānusārena laddhāti veditabbā. Imameva hi atthaṃ ñāpetuṃ suttagaṇanānantaraṃ bhāṇavāre agaṇetvā padāni gaṇitāni. Tatridaṃ vuccati –
‘‘Bhāṇavārā yathāpi hi, majjhimassa pakāsitā;
Upaḍḍhabhāṇavāro ca, tevīsatipadādhiko.
Satta satasahassāni, akkharānaṃ vibhāvaye;
Cattālīsa sahassāni, tepaññāsañca akkhara’’nti.
Anusandhitoti desanānusandhito. Ekasmiṃ eva hi sutte purimapacchimānaṃ desanābhāgānaṃ sambandho anusandhānato anusandhi. Ettha ca attajjhāsayānusandhi parajjhāsayānusandhīti duvidho ajjhāsayānusandhi. So pana katthaci desanāya vippakatāya dhammaṃ suṇantānaṃ pucchāvasena, katthaci desentassa satthu sāvakassa dhammapaṭiggāhakānañca ajjhāsayavasena, katthaci desetabbassa dhammassa vasena hotīti samāsato tippakāro. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘pucchānusandhiajjhāsayānusandhiyathānusandhivasena saṅkhepato tividho anusandhī’’ti. Saṅkhepeneva ca catubbidho anusandhi veditabbo. Tattha ‘‘evaṃ vutte aññataro bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca ‘kiṃ nu kho, bhante, orimaṃ tīraṃ, kiṃ pārimaṃ tīraṃ, ko majjhe saṃsīdo, ko thale ussādo, ko manussaggāho, ko amanussaggāho, ko āvattaggāho, ko antopūtibhāvo’ti’’ (saṃ. ni. 4.241)? Evaṃ pucchantānaṃ vissajjentena bhagavatā pavattitadesanāvasena pucchānusandhī veditabbo. ‘‘Atha kho aññatarassa bhikkhuno evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi ‘iti kira bho rūpaṃ anattā… vedanā… saññā… saṅkhārā… viññāṇaṃ anattā, anattakatāni kammāni kamattānaṃ phusissantī’ti. Atha kho bhagavā tassa bhikkhuno cetasā cetoparivitakkamaññāya bhikkhū āmantesi ṭhānaṃ kho panetaṃ, bhikkhave, vijjati, yaṃ idhekacco moghapuriso avidvā avijjāgato taṇhādhipateyyena cetasā satthusāsanaṃ atidhāvitabbaṃ maññeyya ‘iti kira bho rūpaṃ anattā…pe… phusissantī’ti. Taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, rūpaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā’’ti (ma. ni. 3.90) evaṃ paresaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ viditvā bhagavatā pavattitadesanāvasena parajjhāsayānusandhi veditabbo.
‘‘Tassa mayhaṃ brāhmaṇa etadahosi ‘yaṃnūnāhaṃ yā tā rattiyo abhiññātā abhilakkhitā cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa, tathārūpāsu rattīsu yāni tāni ārāmacetiyāni vanacetiyāni rukkhacetiyāni bhiṃsanakāni salomahaṃsāni, tathārūpesu senāsanesu vihareyyaṃ appeva nāmāhaṃ bhayabheravaṃ passeyya’nti’’ (ma. ni. 1.49) evaṃ bhagavatā, ‘‘tatrāvuso lobho ca pāpako doso ca pāpako lobhassa ca pahānāya dosassa ca pahānāya atthi majjhimā paṭipadā, cakkhukaraṇī ñāṇakaraṇī upasamāya abhiññāya sambodhāya nibbānāya saṃvattatī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.33) evaṃ dhammasenāpatinā ca attano ajjhāsayeneva pavattitadesanāvasena attajjhāsayānusandhi veditabbo. Yena pana dhammena ādimhi desanā uṭṭhitā, tassa anurūpadhammavasena vā paṭipakkhadhammavasena vā yesu suttesu upari desanā āgacchati, tesaṃ vasena yathānusandhi veditabbo. Seyyathidaṃ ākaṅkheyyasutte (ma. ni. 1.65) heṭṭhā sīlena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari abhiññā āgatā. Vatthusutte (ma. ni. 1.70) heṭṭhā kilesena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari brahmavihārā āgatā. Kosambakasutte (ma. ni. 1.491) heṭṭhā bhaṇḍanena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari sāraṇīyadhammā āgatā. Kakacūpame (ma. ni. 1.222) heṭṭhā akkhantiyā vasena desanā uṭṭhitā, upari kakacūpamā āgatāti.
Vitthārato panetthāti evaṃ saṅkhepato tividho catubbidho ca anusandhi ettha etasmiṃ majjhimanikāye tasmiṃ tasmiṃ sutte yathārahaṃ vitthārato vibhajitvā viññāyamānā navasatādhikāni tīṇi anusandhisahassāni honti. Yathā cetaṃ paṇṇāsādivibhāgavacanaṃ majjhimasaṅgītiyā sarūpadassanatthaṃ hoti, evaṃ pakkhepadosapariharaṇatthañca hoti. Evañhi paṇṇāsādīsu vavatthitesu tabbinimuttaṃ kiñci suttaṃ yāva ekaṃ padampi ānetvā imaṃ majjhimasaṅgītiyāti kassaci vattuṃ okāso na siyāti.
Evaṃ paṇṇāsavaggasuttabhāṇavārānusandhibyañjanato majjhimasaṅgītiṃ vavatthapetvā idāni naṃ ādito paṭṭhāya saṃvaṇṇetukāmo attano saṃvaṇṇanāya tassā paṭhamamahāsaṅgītiyaṃ nikkhittānukkameneva pavattabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘tattha paṇṇāsāsu mūlapaṇṇāsā ādī’’tiādimāha. Tattha yathāpaccayaṃ tattha tattha desitattā paññattattā ca vippakiṇṇānaṃ dhammavinayānaṃ saṅgahetvā gāyanaṃ kathanaṃ saṅgīti, mahāvisayattā pūjanīyattā ca mahatī saṅgītīti mahāsaṅgīti, paṭhamā mahāsaṅgīti paṭhamamahāsaṅgīti, tassā pavattitakālo paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikālo, tasmiṃ paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle. Nidadāti desanaṃ desakālādivasena aviditaṃ viditaṃ katvā nidassetīti nidānaṃ, yo lokiyehi ‘‘upogghāto’’ti vuccati, svāyamettha ‘‘evaṃ me suta’’ntiādiko gantho veditabbo, na pana ‘‘sanidānāhaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desemī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.126) viya ajjhāsayādidesanuppattihetu. Tenevāha ‘‘evaṃ me sutantiādikaṃ āyasmatā ānandena paṭhamamahāsaṅgītikāle vuttaṃ nidānamādī’’ti. Kāmañcettha yassaṃ paṭhamamahāsaṅgītiyaṃ nikkhittānukkamena saṃvaṇṇanaṃ kattukāmo, sā vitthārato vattabbā. Sumaṅgalavilāsiniyaṃ (dī. ni. ṭī. 1.nidānakathāvaṇṇanā) pana attanā vitthāritattā tattheva gahetabbāti imissā saṃvaṇṇanāya mahantataṃ pariharanto ‘‘sā panesā’’tiādimāha.
Nidānakathāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
1. Mūlapariyāyavaggo